Rhetorical analysis about the westboro church. the link to the article Essay

Rhetorical analysis about the westboro church. the link to the article is on the intructions - Essay Example Among the many freedoms that the American people enjoy, the freedom of speech was the first amendment made to the American constitution and was included in the bill of rights. It is the most fundamental freedom and given priority by the founding fathers to define the American spirit. However, expression of this right is dependent on the individual and the topic under discussion. Sensitive topics attract a lot of debate from different parties who may be in favour or against the ideas that one expresses. Moreover, it is necessary to realise that the universe is not homogenous in its views and, it is through this that the world grows (Werhan, 8). The expression of this freedom can lead to overexploitation, which is punishable by law in cases where the law refers to it as hate speech. In such cases, it leads to issuance of verdicts when expression of this freedom causes emotional or physical damage when directed to parties who may not be the right receivers of the blame or the doers of such an act. However, radical means have to be within the limits of the constitution if they are to be used to express freedom of speech. This will attract no punishment because this freedom is enshrined in the American constitution. This calls for consideration of the extent to which individuals can exercise their freedom of speech because of the many fatalities that have resulted due unnecessary blames and pressures exerted on an individual who is purported to go against moral standards. This piece of writing is addressed to learned individuals in the American society because this writer applies impartiality in addressing the freedom of expression. This is because the writer does not give limitations on exercise of their freedom of speech. He only exposes all sides of this freedom and gives the reader an opportunity to decide their stance. The general American population does not have adequate knowledge about the bill of rights.

Colgate Palmolive Industry Position

Colgate Palmolive Industry Position Colgate-Palmolive is recognized as the worlds leader in personal care sales which included oral hygiene products like toothbrushes and toothpastes. In 1991, its sales topped at $6 billion and profits at $2.76 billion as it cornered 43% of the worlds toothpaste market and 16% of the worlds toothbrush market. In the United States, the worlds largest market, Colgate-Palmolive holds the number one spot in toothbrush sales with a market share of 23%. From these statistics, one of Colgate-Palmolives main strengths is being the market leader in oral care products. Colgate-Palmolives extensive overseas reach is another main strength. Based on the data in the case study, Colgate-Palmolive introduced 275 new products worldwide and setup manufacturing facilities in China and Eastern Europe breaching the emerging economies of the 21st century. On top of that, international sales accounted for 64% of total sales and 67% of the total profits for Colgate-Palmolive. Colgate-Palmolive has an extensive Research and Development department boasting 170 employees worldwide. Though having a large RD department does not directly contribute to increased profits, Colgate-Palmolives history of innovation  [1]  in the toothbrush market is linked to its current position as the market leader in the toothbrush industry. Therefore Colgate-Palmolives strong commitment to innovation through investment in RD is a prominent strength. With an energetic and visionary leader like Reuben Mark at the helm of Colgate-Palmolive, the company has transformed itself into a lean and profitable machine, leading to increased profit margins and volume growth.  [2]  Clearly, having a visionary CEO is a strength. Colgate-Palmolives positioning strategy for its toothbrush line in food stores has aided in capturing their current dominant market share. Its in-store displays, combining toothbrushes with toothpaste packs and locating the Colgate-Palmolive line of toothbrushes in the middle of the stores shelves have contributed to this dominance. This strategy has been successful, as sales through food stores, drug stores and mass merchandising channels have produced the greatest volume and dollar sales historically.  [3]   Colgate-Palmolive has a large number of stock keeping units for their toothbrush line.  [4]  Multitudes of SKUs indicate that Colgate-Palmolive is targeting a broad spectrum of market segments in the toothbrush market, which spreads the risk inherent to carrying any product. Diversification of product types within the toothbrush market is another strength factor Colgate-Palmolive holds. Colgate-Palmolives secret weapon in the war for supremacy in the super-premium market, Colgate Precision, is proven to be very effective in removing plaque 35% more effective than existing brands and in preventing gum disease. This advantage can be attributed to the innovative design, high-tech research using CAD and infrared scanning, consumer research and extensive product testing. Although this technology is a strong argument for positioning Precision in the super-premium category, Colgate-Palmolive could also use its design aspects to improve Colgate-Palmolives existing professional and value toothbrush lines to increase their respective market shares. Colgate-Palmolives patented  [5]  innovation for Precision also stands as a strength upon which Colgate-Palmolive can lean for other market differentiating advancements. Colgate-Palmolives recent infusion of new capital into its manufacturing facilities will bode well as it prepares to battle for market share in the new super-premium market segment. Colgate-Palmolive will be able to leverage its existing relationship with its manufacturing partner, Anchor toothbrush, to quickly and cost-effectively product its newest product. Weaknesses The impending release of Colgate-Palmolives new toothbrush, Precision, may affect sales of its existing toothbrush lines. This may lead to a cannibalization of the Colgate Plus and Colgate Classic market of up to 60%.  [6]  Since the existing toothbrush lines are the cash cows  [7]  of the companys oral care division, a dismal performance by the new Colgate-Palmolive Precision might drain the cash cows of their resources altogether. Colgate-Palmolives media expenditure layout is very small compared to its rivals.  [8]  It has spent only $7 million dollars on its Colgate-Palmolive Plus marketing efforts and has only 19% of the share voice. Since media exposure fuels consumer demand  [9]  for a new product, this is one area where Colgate-Palmolive needs to have its expenditures equivalent to that of its rivals. Another marketing weakness that Colgate-Palmolive faces is its lack of professional dental endorsements, with less than half that in market share and dollar sales than that of their largest competitor, Oral-B. Similar to Colgate-Palmolives lack of professional endorsement, the Precision toothbrush does not have the fullest endorsement from the American Dental Associations (ADA). Although the ADA issued its seal to the product, the seal alone stands for little more than recognition that the toothbrush works. In fact, only when the ADA issues its seal and an official quote stating that a product is superior to similar product types, does a product receive the fullest support possible. Not having the full backing of the ADA is a weakness which Colgate-Palmolive may have to overcome to gain the professional endorsement they seek.  [10]   Opportunities Macroeconomic The emergence of the niche super-premium category presents a golden opportunity for Colgate-Palmolive to increase market share for several reasons. First, although its competitors, i.e. Oral-B, Johnson Johnson and Procter Gamble, have gained a foot-hold in this niche market already, Colgate-Palmolive can still make a dent with its new Precision toothbrush, thus enabling them to enter a new and potentially highly profitable market segment. Since the super-premium category accounts for 35% of the volume and 46% of the dollar sales of toothbrushes  [11]  this niche category may in turn result in a substantial profit margin. Secondly, with the baby boomers and younger generations becoming more concerned with the health of their gums, they will be willing to pay the above mentioned premium for a toothbrush  [12]  which is optimized for better gum care. Colgate-Palmolive can capitalize upon this demographic segment to ensure a successful release of their super-premium Precision toothbrush. Finally, since 82% of toothbrush purchases are unplanned and many consumers are unaware of the technological and cost variation among toothbrush brands,  [13]  Colgate-Palmolive could establish a media blitz with educational ads depicting Precision toothbrushes as technologically superior to its rivals at an equivalent cost. The ads can also serve to educate consumers about proper toothbrush replacement schedules to ensure effective plaque removal and gum disease prevention. Ultimately, Colgate-Palmolive could leverage their advertising campaign to boost sales and revenues. Microeconomic One of Colgate-Palmolives competitors, Johnson Johnson,  [14]  ranked third in toothbrush sales, was phasing out one of its toothbrush lines at the time of the Precision introduction. As the toothbrush market remains rather constant, courting customer from other brands, particularly ones being phased out, is a tremendous opportunity to gain market share.  [15]  Another competitor, Smithkline Beecham, was predicting an operating loss in its toothbrush business.  [16]  If the losses are sustained, it might cause Smithkline Beecham to move out of the toothbrush business all together, yet again opening the door for further gain of market share. Colgate-Palmolives constant innovation also provides an opportunity to convert consumers away from less advanced toothbrushes, such as those offered by Lever. Threats Threat of intense segment rivalry The super-premium toothbrush market is highly competitive, hosting many brands and private label toothbrushes. If any of these rivals creates a toothbrush which tops or even equals the technology of Precision, specifically if done at a lower production cost, Colgate-Palmolive may lose market share. Threat of new entrants Along with intense rivalry from existing competitors, Colgate-Palmolive has to deal with new competitors. In 1991, the toothbrush market exploded with a dramatic increase in new entrants. Proctor and Gamble introduced Crest Complete, their first toothbrush  [17]  . Smithkline Beecham entered the market with Aquafresh Flex and a 9% market share volume for 1991. Levre, Pfizer and Sunstar all entered the market in 1991 and earned a total 11% market share. These numbers reinforce the seriousness of the threat of new entrants that Colgate-Palmolive will have to contend with when they launch Colgate Precision. Threat of substitute products Similar to many industries, oral care technology has advanced tremendously since its inception in approximately 3000 B.C. The introduction of the nylon bristled toothbrush in 1938  [18]  represents one of the latest quantum improvements for the industry, however it was not the last. The introduction of electronic toothbrushes and water picks are threatening to usurp traditional oral care products market share. This is a threat which Colgate-Palmolive needs to heed, despite its confidence in the technology of Precision. Threat of suppliers growing bargaining power Colgate-Palmolive depends on Anchor toothbrush for its outsourced manufacturing. Hence, Anchor toothbrush has a decided supplier advantage in the relationship with Colgate-Palmolive. If Anchor toothbrush were to increase its supply cost, it would affect Colgate-Palmolives production costs which in turn would impact Precisions market share by potentially pricing it above even the super-premium segment. Colgate-Palmolive needs to maintain a healthy relationship with Anchor toothbrush to reduce the risk of a costly supplier switching process. Threat of buyers growing bargaining power One of the factors which can cause buyers bargaining power to grow is when the switching costs for buyers are low. Even if Colgate-Palmolive were to position Precision as the most expensive toothbrush on the market, it is still a relatively inexpensive product, compared to many daily purchases (i.e. lunch in NYC or a cup of coffee at Starbucks). Therefore, buyers can easily switch between toothbrush brands without giving the decision much thought. To combat this threat, Colgate-Palmolive could position Precision as a superior toothbrush that customers can not afford to be without. PROBLEM STATEMENT In 1992, after evaluating the current market condition and completing its research and development, Colgate-Palmolive was ready to begin marketing its newest toothbrush, Colgate Precision. Of major concern to Colgate-Palmolive was how to position, brand and communicate this new product to the general population. Colgate-Palmolive also had to develop budget constraints and generate a marketing mix that would maximize the sales and revenues of the new product. Colgate-Palmolive was faced with the decision of whether to promote the new product as a high quality niche product marketed mainly towards individuals concerned about gum disease, or as a mainstream toothbrush that would be marketed as the best toothbrush available. If marketed as a niche product, Colgate-Palmolive would target a smaller market segment without as many competitors vying for market share. A niche market segment would also be willing to pay a premium for the new toothbrush. If, however, the toothbrush were marketed as a high quality mainstream toothbrush, Colgate-Palmolive would realize revenues from larger volumes of sales despite a lower price and more competition. To reach its verdict, Colgate-Palmolive analyzed forecasted data with regard to potential sales volumes and prices, advertising, packaging, and manufacturing costs, among other factors. A summary of this analysis, and a marketing strategy recommendation follows. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES In August 1992, Colgate-Palmolive had two options regarding the positioning strategy for their new toothbrush titled Colgate Precision. Their choice was to position the product as a mainstream offering or target the Precision toothbrush to a niche market. The positioning of the product would have little to do with any modifications to the actual design of this toothbrush, but would effect the perception of the toothbrush within the market. Mainstream or mass marketing refers to the mass production, distribution and promotion of a single product to all potential buyers.  [19]  Contrarily, niche marketing is a form of micro-marketing. It refers to a specifically defined group of consumers with a need that is not currently well served. A niche is created from a subdivision of a market segment.  [20]  Due to the diversity of these two market types, the decision to market the Precision toothbrush as a mass-market product or as a niche product involves analysis of the advantages and disadvantages for each. Mainstream Marketing Advantages The primary reasons to use a mainstream marketing approach is that the product is made accessible to a larger market. Marketing to a more diverse audience would enable Colgate-Palmolive to construct a more simple and direct campaign that would address the common concerns of all toothbrush buyers. Consequently, the use of television and radio would be more cost effective as it would reach this larger audience. The obvious goal of such a position would be to capture a greater return on the investment Colgate-Palmolive made on this products research and development effort. It is estimated that within twelve months this product could secure 10% of the market and a volume share of 14.7% by its second year. This would equate to 27 million retail unit sales in year one and 44 million in the second year, if positioned as a mainstream product.  [21]   Disadvantages There are also many problems with marketing Precision to the masses. In the mainstream market a higher price makes a product less attractive to the average consumer. This means that Colgate will have to price their product within reasonable alignment of other similar products in order to be a serious competitor inside this market, ultimately diminishing their potential profit margin and return on investment. There is a variance amongst consumers in relation to oral hygiene. They are classified into three groups: Involved oral health consumers Therapeutic brushers Involved oral health consumers Cosmetic brushers Uninvolved oral health consumers These segments are divided into relative percentages of adult toothbrush users. They are 46%, 21% and 33% respectively.  [22]  This illustrates that one third of the toothbrush using adult population has only little interest in oral hygiene and are probably not a worthwhile audience to which to pitch the Precision toothbrush. The expense of including these consumers in the target market would not be advisable. In the design and testing phase of the Precision toothbrush, Colgate-Palmolive accrued significant clinical data concerning the product. This information would not be relevant to the mainstream market that most likely would view it as too scientific. The Precision toothbrush was originally conceived to be a top-of the-range, super-premium product  [23]  indicating that production schedules had been developed in line with a niche marketing strategy. Mainstream marketing would require a greater volume production of the toothbrush with an estimated ten month lead time to achieve sufficient quantities of the product. This could result in an inadequate supply of the product at the outset.  [24]   The objective of the research and development group working on the product was to develop a superior, technical, plaque-removing device.  [25]  It was produced to be the best toothbrush possible and become the top-of the-range, super-premium product.  [26]  All of these phrases are heavily skewed towards niche merchandising. A mainstream product should aim to serve all of the people, all the time. This product clearly was created with niche-oriented goals. The greatest issue facing Colgate-Palmolive if they were to promote this product in the mainstream market is that it would be distributed through the same channels as an existing Colgate-Palmolive toothbrush called Colgate Plus.  [27]  Colgate Classic was the companys original entry in the toothbrush sector and was positioned as a value segment. The Colgate Plus came later and was placed in the professional segment as a higher quality product.  [28]  Including Precision as a high-end, mainstream product could potentially cannibalize Colgate Plus sales. Finally, Susan Steinberg, the product manager of Precision, felt that incorporating the new product into the mass market would require the company to delete one or more of the seven existing SKUs (stock keeping units) that Colgate-Palmolive produced.  [29]  This strategy could result in a loss of market share in the value or high-end segments. Niche Marketing Advantages Advertising companies have access to audience profiles through a wide variety of media products, such as television, radio and print media. This is the fundamental basis for successful niche marketing. A great advantage of offering any eligible product to a niche market is that it allows for a concentrated, specific advertising campaign, targeted to a specific demographic, psychographic, behavioral or geographic segment through whichever medium is most effective at reaching the specific population.  [30]  This allows efficient use of advertising budgets. Precision falls within the class of goods that could tender itself as a niche product. Developed to be the best toothbrush possible and placed in the super-premium category, this toothbrush is inherently a niche product. Members of the public most interested in this toothbrush would be those in the Involved oral health consumers groups; therapeutic and cosmetic brushers. Therapeutic brushers are interested in functionally effective products and differentiate between brands.  [31]  Both segments of customers would appreciate the scientific data Colgate-Palmolive has complied on this toothbrush. The facts that the initial clinical trials removed an average of 35% more plaque over that of Reach and Oral-B, and that it assists in the reduction of the likelihood of gum disease, would be effective information for this group.  [32]  Unlike the mass market, these are issues which a niche market segment would comprehend and about which they would care. Niche market participants are also more likely to pay a premium for this product due to the fact that Precision caters to a distinct set of needs they have. With this type of positioning, a 15% increase in price above Oral-B regular would be anticipated, bringing the cost to consumers to $2.13 per unit (more aligned with Oral-B Indicator). A mainstream market could only be anticipated to pay $1.85, in accordance with the Oral-B regular line.  [33]   As Precision was conceived more as a niche-type product, initial production was set for the lower demands of the smaller market segment. As discussed previously, to change the natural emphasis of the toothbrush to mainstream distribution would require a major overhaul of projected production schedule and costs due to the increase number of units required. Additionally, to keep Precision as a specialized product means that the new product is less likely to invade the market share of other Colgate-Palmolive products, like the Colgate Plus. This would also preserve the number of SKU that Colgate-Palmolive currently produces in the toothbrush sector. Niche markets historically attract fewer competitors.  [34]  This gives time and room for a new product such as Precision to establish itself and build up a market share before it may have to fight against a new contender. Disadvantages Marketing the Precision product to a niche market would generate less revenue for Colgate-Palmolive than a mainstream approach. Working with the estimated figures for the first two years of release generates the following table. Niche marketing Mainstream marketing Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 No. units sold 8MM 15MM 27MM 44MM Factory list price $2.13 $1.85 Total revenue generated $17,040,000 $31,950,000 $49,950,000 $81,400,000 Obviously, the niche market revenue is significantly less than the mainstream market revenue, despite the 13% higher price. Conclusion Developing and communicating a positioning strategy for a product is necessary and critical. Differentiating a product, and the degree to which that product is differentiated, can be guided by quantifying the following criteria: Importance Distinctiveness Superiority Preemptiveness Affordability Profitability Using these parameters, a company can provide the public with a reason to buy their product.  [35]   Another tool used in solving the marketing mix problem companies face when launching a new product is a perceptual map.  [36]  This is a graphic representation of two or more features against which similar products can be ranked. When graphed, the resulting map displays areas to which the product types cater, revealing both areas of over population and areas of potential opportunity. Clusters of products exist when similar products appeal to the same consumer market participants. In these areas, competition is intense, therefore, they are not as attractive when positioning a new product. An optimal plan is to create a space within the product market that is relatively free of rivals and can enable a new product to develop and dominate. A perceptual map for Precision was created from the following data: Toothbrush Price Benefits Class Colgate Precision 0.8 0.9 Super Premium Oral-B Indicator 0.8 0.8 Super Premium Oral-B Regular 0.7 0.6 Super Premium Crest Complete 0.5 0.6 Super Premium Reach Advanced 0.6 0.5 Super Premium Aquafresh Flex 0.7 0.7 Super Premium Colgate Plus 0.4 0.4 Professional Reach Regular 0.3 0.4 Professional Pepsodent Professional 0.2 0.4 Professional Colgate Classic -0.4 -0.1 Value Pepsodent Regular -0.3 -0.1 Value Butter GUM Microtip 0.3 -0.1 Value Butter GUM Supertip 0.4 0.1 Value Menedent Pro-Core 0.7 0.7 Professional Oral-B cross action 1 0.8 Super Premium Generic Eckerd Interdental -0.5 -0.2 Value Generic Eckerd Angle -0.7 -0.2 Value Crest Advantage 1 0.8 Super Premium Recommendation Using these evaluative criteria in relation to the advantages and disadvantages of niche and mainstream marketing, we believe that Colgate-Palmolive should position the Precision toothbrush as a niche product. This would establish Precision as the leading toothbrush on the market at a competitive price. It would be a superior and distinctive oral care product. However, we believe this product would also work in the mainstream market and we envision it moving towards the mass market in the future. Once the toothbrush has established itself as a high quality product with specialty features, we believe that Colgate-Palmolive could transition the product to a wider audience. This will also allow time for Colgate to reconcile the position that the Colgate Plus product will hold relative to the Precision line. Further, we anticipate no significantly negative issues will be encountered by initially marketing Precision as a niche product and then moving it into the mainstream market. We do not believe the opposite would be true, as a niche market will most likely not accept a product that has been offered to the masses as the best value, and then marketed as a specialty item. The anticipated cyclical nature of the product on the market is well illustrated by the Boston Consulting Groups Growth-Share matrix.  [37]  The Precision toothbrush will begin as a question mark. This means the company will spend money developing and establishing the product in anticipation of increasing its market share. Subsequently, the hope would be for Precision to become a star, meaning it has been successful by obtaining a high market share and growth rate. If the product evolves into a mainstream offering by this time, the company will reap higher rewards. Going even further into the future, the toothbrush will most likely decrease its market growth rate while maintaining its high market share. At this phase the product will be a cash cow. Revenues produced from Precision at this phase can be used to establish other question marks and/or subsidize other stars if required. The final phase in this products life cycle will be a decline into dog status. This refers to the product when it has weak market share and low growth. At that point, Precision would need to be removed from the companys product line, allowed to decline further or all together repositioned in the market. At this point, the research and development phase for Precision has been completed, a thorough analysis has been performed on the current market situation, and a marketing strategy has been recommended. The final aspects of launching a new product must now be investigated product, price, place and promotion. PRODUCT Colgate-Palmolive has many important decisions to make regarding the new toothbrush before it becomes available on store shelves for customers to purchase, including the positioning strategy for the new toothbrush. To reach a conclusion, the new toothbrush must be analyzed on three product levels the core product, the actual product, and the augmented product so that customers needs are fully understood and the Precision toothbrush is correctly marketed to meet those needs. Since we are recommending that Colgate-Palmolive choose a niche market for Precision, the core benefit that the toothbrush will deliver to its users is plaque removal. Less plaque in turn leads to the added benefit of a reduction of the lik

Othello and Heroism Essay -- Othello essays

Othello and Heroism  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello the audience finds heroism exhibited not only by the hero, the Moor, but also by other characters in the drama.    A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, defines a woman character, Desdemona, as a hero in the play from the very outset:    There is perhaps a certain excuse for our failure to rise to Shakespeare’s meaning, and to realize how extraordinary and splendid a thing it was in a gentle Venetian girl to love Othello, and to assail fortune with such a ‘downright violence and storm’ as is expected only in a hero. It is that when first we hear of her marriage we have not yet seen the Desdemona of the later Acts; and therefore we do not perceive how astonishing this love and boldness must have been in a maiden so quiet and submissive. (191)    A character’s attitude toward the most fearful foe – death itself – is unquestionably a criterion for judging a heroic type from a non-heroic type. Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† considers Iago’s wife Emilia to be a true hero of the play because of her fearless outlook on death itself:    Emilia’s silence while her mistress lived is fully explicable in terms of her character. She shares with her husband the generalizing trick and is well used to domestic scenes. The jealous, she knows,    are not ever jealous for the cause But jealous for they are jealous.    If it was not the handkerchief it would be something else. Why disobey her husband and risk his fury? It would not do any good. This is what men are like. But Desdemona dead sweeps away all such generalities and all caution. At this sight, Emilia ... ...y large and grand, towering above his fellows, holding a volume of force which in repose ensures pre-eminence without an effort, and in commotion reminds us rather of the fury of the elements than of the tumult of common human passion. (168)    WORKS CITED    Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.                  

Buddhist religion Essay

The Four Noble Truths are the foundations of the Buddhist religion. From these emanate the rituals and beliefs still practiced today. The Buddhist philosophy centers on the basic truth that with the existence of life, the presence of suffering comes along with it. So, it is a primary aim of a Buddhist to alleviate oneself from the suffering of life. Hence, this contemporary Buddhist practices revolve around the four Noble Truths which explain how to end suffering and guide one’s self into what they call Nirvana, an enlightened state of being. To end suffering, one must overcome ignorance, craving or attachment to worldly pleasures which are rooted to the evils of lust, hatred and delusion. To overcome these evils and hasten their way towards Nirvana, most of Buddhist monks practice celibacy, teaching and preaching. Their days are often spent in rituals, devotion and meditating. What defines the basic moral code of the Buddhist religion is the observance of five precepts which prohibit killing, stealing, harmful language, sexual misbehavior, and getting intoxicated. To counteract these evils and overcome suffering, Buddhists try to instill within their very selves the practices of loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity. They pray fervently, contemplate, and devote their lives to simple chores and service to others in order to facilitate the achievement of their enlightenment. To encapsulate these practices meant to suppress suffering is to follow Siddhartha Buddha’s Noble Eight-Fold Path which consists of right views, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right-mindedness, and right contemplation. Following this path will lead, eventually, a believer towards Nirvana.

Personal Literacy Narrative

To Learn Is to Change Life is full of risks, and that is what makes it so much more exciting. I took a risk in life when I switched from homeschooling to â€Å"real school. † This risk required me to walk through an unknown door. I quickly learned that in order to take a risk, I had to step outside of my comfort zone. If I had not taken that step to go out and try something new, I would not have learned how to survive in a new environment. We learn things in life by doing, and if we do not try things, there will be no growth.In the end I found joy in the journey of risk-taking. If I went back to the day I had the thought of going to â€Å"real school for the first time, I would have told myself the same thing: â€Å"Go for it. † When I walked through the school building’s doors for the first time, I was very nervous. I wondered how I would make new friends. What if the school work was difficult? I was homeschooled until the third grade, and when I began â€Å"r eal school† I surprisingly thrived in my new environment.At times I was bored at the slow pace my peers learned, and I made many new friends. The glory days of high school were some of my absolute favorite times. I was able to get into some challenging academic and musical programs that fully engaged my mind and prepared me for college. I had several teachers say they could tell I loved to learn by the amount of hard work that I put into my school assignments. What could I say? Homeschooling gave me a desire to learn. I enjoyed how much information I would reel in every single day.Frederick Douglass had a life full of chances to grow. For example, he learned to read and write as a slave. In his autobiography he states, â€Å"I wished to learn how to write, as I might have occasion to write my own pass. I consoled myself with the hope that I should one day find a good chance. Meanwhile, I would learn to write. † His soothing hope illustrates that we must be motivated fro m the inside. Douglass had confidence and acted for himself. He faced the truth that extraordinary things happen when we take a chance and open doors that life before us.Unless we do the things we fear and take a chance in life, we will never know the outcome. Homeschooling has shown me that education is a process that changes the learner. I truly am thankful for the experience of public school, and I treasure the years that I spent learning at home, especially. I am thankful that I had faith to explore the unknown. Homeschooling taught me that I can confidently open up new doors in the future that will have so much to offer. There is always more mystery.

How to Format a US Business Letter

How to Format a US Business Letter How to Format a US Business Letter How to Format a US Business Letter By Ali Hale Whatever you do – whether you’re a student, employed in an office job, or working as a freelancer – I can guarantee that at some point in your life, you’ll need to sit down and write a formal business letter. It might be to a customer, to an employer with a job that you want, or to apply for university funding. Perhaps it’ll even be to a literary agent or publisher who just might take on your undiscovered novel. Of course, you’ll want the letter to be well-written – but almost as important is knowing how to format it correctly. This article is about US business letter format (for UK readers, don’t worry, I’ll be writing a follow-up one for you.) The main formats for business letters in the US are called full block format and modified block format. Full block format means that all the elements of the letter are left-justified so that the start of each line is at the left-hand margin. This is the more formal style, so use it if you’re unsure which to go for. Modified block format means that some elements of the letter are shifted over to the right. Nowadays, this style is appropriate in most contexts. Here’s a full block format letter And a modified block format one: Let’s break those down into the main elements, in top-to-bottom order: Your Address Your address, also known as the â€Å"return address†, should come first. (Note that this applies when using standard plain paper. If you have letter headed paper, you should omit this.) 123 Acacia Avenue Newtown Anywhere AN 98765 Your return address should be positioned: On the left-hand side if you’re using full block format On the right-hand side (tab across, rather than right-aligning) if you’re using modified block format Why put your address? Even if the recipient has your details in their address book, you want it to be as hassle-free as possible for them to reply – you’re likely to receive a speedier response. The Date Directly beneath your address, put the date on which the letter was written: May 15, 2008 To avoid any confusion, especially if you are writing to a business abroad, it is best to put the date in word rather than number form, and you should omit the â€Å"th†. The date should be positioned on the left-hand side, for full block format and for modified block format Why put the date? It’s standard practice to include the date on which the letter was written. Correspondence is often filed in date order. It makes it much easier for the recipient to send a timely reply, and easier for you to chase up an answer if necessary. Eg. â€Å"In my letter of May 15†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Reference Line Ive not included this on the diagram as guidance varies on where it should be placed. You may include a reference line, starting with â€Å"Re:† This is often used when corresponding with large companies, or when applying for a job. The reference line can either appear beneath the date, OR beneath the recipients address. If you use a reference line, you should usually omit the subject line (see below). The reference line should be left-aligned for both full and modified block formats. Different types of letters will require different types of subject and reference lines, so choose the one thats most appropriate to your case. Why put a reference line? You should use a reference line if the recipient has requested specific information, such as a job number or invoice number, or if youre replying to a letter. This makes it easier for the recipient to get a speedy response to you. Recipient’s Name and Address Beneath this, you should put the name and address of the person you’re writing to, just as it would appear on the envelope. If you’re using a window envelope, this should be aligned on the page to show through the window – but even if it won’t be visible until the letter is opened, it should still be included. The recipient’s name and address should be positioned on the left-hand side, for both formats. Why put their address? If you’re writing to someone in an office, it probably won’t be them who opens the post. An administrator is likely to do so – and letters may be separated from their envelopes at this stage. Particularly if there are multiple departments within one building, or if you are starting your letter â€Å"Dear Bob†, a name and address ensures your letter reaches the correct recipient. The Greeting After their address, you should leave a line’s space then put â€Å"Dear Mr Jones†, â€Å"Dear Bob† or â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam† as appropriate. Follow this with a colon. The greeting, sometimes called the â€Å"salutation†, should always be left-aligned. Why put a greeting? Business letters are a formal type of writing, and it’s considered polite to start with a greeting. Although you can get away with starting emails â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"Hello†, letters follow more conservative conventions. The Subject Optionally, you may wish to include a subject for your letter. This is becoming more common, perhaps as people have become used to the subject lines of emails. If you do put a subject line, it should be in uppercase, directly below the â€Å"Dear name:† The subject (if you include one) should be left-aligned for full block format, but can be either left aligned or centred for modified block format. Why put the subject? It’s a good idea to include a subject so that the recipient can see at a glance what the letter refers to. Try to be succinct but include as much information as possible, eg. â€Å"Funding application from Joe Bloggs, candidate 222-456†. The Text of Your Letter Now, finally, you can write the main body of your letter. Your text should have: Single-spacing between lines A blank line (NOT an indent) before each new paragraph (And, of course, you should conform to all the usual rules of grammar, punctuation and spelling: for example, ensuring that you start each sentence with a capital letter, and finish with a full stop.) Why leave blank lines? In the business world, it’s standard practise to put a blank line between paragraphs. This helps to break up the text on the page and make it more readable. The Closing After the body of text, your letter should end with an appropriate closing phrase and a comma. The safest option is â€Å"Yours faithfully† (when you don’t know the name of the person to whom you are writing, ie. when you began â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam†) or â€Å"Yours sincerely† (when you do know their name). If you are already acquainted with the recipient, it may be appropriate to use a phrase such as â€Å"Best regards†, â€Å"With warmest regards†, or â€Å"Kind regards†. The closing should be: Left-aligned for full block format On the right (tab across so it matches up with your address) for modified block format Why use these phrases? Although â€Å"Yours sincerely† and â€Å"Yours faithfully† might sound archaic, they are time-honoured ways to close a formal letter. Your Name and Signature Put several blank lines after the â€Å"Yours sincerely,† or â€Å"Yours faithfully,† then type your name. You can optionally put your job title and company name on the line beneath this. Joe Bloggs Marketing Director, BizSolutions Your name and signature should be: Left-aligned for full block format On the right (tab across so it matches up with your address) for modified block format Why leave a blank space? The blank space is so that, when you’ve printed the letter, you can sign it with your name. This is taken as proof that the letter really is from the person whose name is typed at the bottom. Sometimes, another person may sign the letter on your behalf. If this is the case, they should put the letters â€Å"p.p.† before their name, which stands for the Latin per procurationem meaning â€Å"by agency†. Business letter tone Its very important that you choose the right voice and tone when writing your business letter. Using the correct format but choosing an improper type of language might affect your desired outcome. Heres what the guys from thebalancecareers.com wrote about this: Make the purpose of your letter clear through simple and targeted language, keeping the opening paragraph brief. You can start with, â€Å"I am writing in reference to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and from there, communicate only what you need to say. The subsequent paragraphs should include information that gives your reader a full understanding of your objective(s) but avoid meandering sentences and needlessly long words. Again, keep it concise to sustain their attention. Enjoy writing your letters, and use the examples above to help you with the formatting if you do get stuck. Your Step by Step Recap Formatting a business letter correctly might seem a bit daunting, especially if you’ve never or rarely written this type of letter before – perhaps you’re applying for a job for the first time, for instance, and writing a covering letter. Here’s a quick recap of what we’ve covered, so you can use it as a handy checklist: Step #1: Decide Whether You’re Using â€Å"Full Block Format† or â€Å"Modified Block Format†. Try not to mix-and-match between these. Remember, full block format (with everything left-justified) is the more formal of the two styles – but these days, modified block format (with some elements shifted over to the right) is fine for most contexts. Step #2: Include Your Address Your address should go on the left for full block format and on the right for modified block format. Don’t right-justify the text – tab across. Step #3: Include the Date The date should go directly after your address, and should be left-justified whatever format you’re using. Write it like this: â€Å"May 15, 2008†. Step #4: Potentially Include a Reference Line If you’re corresponding with a large company or if you’ve been asked to include a specific reference number in your letter, type â€Å"Re:† then the reference line. If you’re using a reference line, omit the subject line. Step #5: Include the Recipient’s Name and Address This should be left-justified, whatever format you use. It’s important to include their full name as well as the address in case the letter becomes separated from the envelope (which it usually will in a large office). If you’re using a window envelope, make sure the recipient’s name and address are positioned to appear within the window. Step #6: Include the Greeting The greeting, sometimes called the salutation, should be followed by a colon. (E.g. â€Å"Dear Mr Jones:†) It should always be left-justified. Step #7: Consider Including a Subject Line The subject line is optional, but it’s become increasingly common practice. Your subject line should show the recipient, at a glance, what your letter is about. It can be left-justified or centered in modified block format. Step #8: Write the Letter Itself The text of your letter itself should be left-justified (in all formats) and single-spaced. You should put a blank line between paragraphs, rather than indenting them. Write in an appropriate business-like tone. Step #9: Add an Appropriate Closing Close your letter with a phrase like â€Å"Yours sincerely† (a safe formal option) or â€Å"Best regards† (a good option for someone who you already know). Follow this with a comma. Step #10: Add Your Name Leave a blank space for your signature, then type your name at the end of the letter. If appropriate, you can put your job title and company name on the line beneath your name. US Business Letter Quiz Select the correct answer for each of these questions about business letters. 1. Which business letter format has all elements of the letter left-justified? Modified block format Which format has all elements of the letter left-justified? 2. What should your greeting be followed by? A colon A semi-colon 3. Should you include the recipients name and address? Yes No 4. In the body of your letter, how should you mark the end of one paragraph and the start of the next? With an indentation With a blank line Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†How to Style Legislative Terms

Bureaucratic Agency and Policy Outcome

Bureaucratic Agency and Policy Outcome Introduction The kind of governance observed in different countries has changed over the centuries due to different developments that have been registered.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Bureaucratic Agency and Policy Outcome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The increased industrial revolution, the increase in human population, as well as other forms of economic, social, and political developments registered in several countries across the globe have resulted into a shift from the traditional system of authoritarian government to a more devolved government. There has been an increased load on the governments due to several tasks that are supposed to be accomplished to serve the interest of the public. The increased load on government necessitated the creation of different independent government agencies to accomplish certain complex tasks to serve the interests of the public. Bureaucratic agencies are large government organizations that are charged with the responsibility of implementing public policies. Unlike the political positions that are elective, the members of such bureaucratic agencies are selected based on their expertise and experience in the respective areas of jurisdiction. Even though it may appear as though the bureaucratic agencies are independent government entities, the agencies often include other parties like the government and non-governmental organizations for support in executing their duties. The agencies have to formulate their objectives, mission, and vision. They then lay down the strategies that can be used to accomplish the mission and realize their vision and objectives. The agencies include the other parties to help realize these objectives in a cost-effective and efficient manner. However, once the agencies have been established to perform a given function, the government organs like the US Congress respect the autonomy of the agencies. The bureaucratic agencies are, in several cases, allowed to formulate their objectives and lay down their operational strategies without the government’s intervention. The agencies should develop rules that govern the actions of every individual involved in the agencies.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is necessary that the rules be applicable on every individual in implementing the policies without any kind of prejudice. Indeed, it has been observed that the bureaucratic agencies in the US treat citizens with a good standard of political equality (Bureaucracy, para.36). The ultimate effect of the implementation of such public policies is of great concern to the government and the bureaucratic agencies. The outcome will depend on the effectiveness of the policy in serving the interest of the public as well as the competence of the given agency in coordination its (policy’s) implementation. This paper focuses on the operations of one of the bureaucratic agencies in the United States. It highlights the organizational structure of the agency as well as how the structure reflects on the ability of the agency to implement the relevant public policies. The consequences of the implementation of such policies on the members of the public are also examined. Objective of the paper It has been observed that the bureaucratic agencies are charged with the responsibility of implementing different public policies. The public policies are guidelines that should be followed by the branches of the government in dealing with various social, political, or economic issues affecting the members of the public. The policies are enacted in accordance with the constitutional law of the federal government. An effective public policy will define the different decisions that can be taken by a regulatory authority to ensure that its mission is accomplished. The se ts of actions to be taken in implementing a policy define the policy output. After the policies have been implemented, there are final impacts that they have on the members of the public. These consequences are the outcomes of the policies. The objective of this paper is to examine the consequences of the implementation of the energy regulatory policies in the United States. In particular, it focuses on the relationship between Nuclear Regulatory Commission, as a bureaucratic agency, and the outcome of the implementation of policies regulating the production and use of nuclear energy in the United States. There is a brief focus on the political developments that necessitated the creation of the commission as well as the other adjustments that have been made since its inception.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Bureaucratic Agency and Policy Outcome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Bureaucratic Agencies i n the United States The bureaucratic agencies in the United States have become necessary due to the expansion of the government of the federal states. In the contemporary society, business organizations have structures broken down to specific tasks. For instance, a business organization will have the human resource department, sales and marketing department, operations department, and many others with a line manager for each of the department. The line managers are responsible for the coordination of activities in the department and the other workers in the department are answerable the manager. The line manager, in turn, reports to the top management (the CEO or MD) of the organization. This is the same scenario with the bureaucratic agencies and the federal government of the United States. Following the industrial revolution, there was a need to have different government departments that are charged with the responsibility of performing various government functions. Bureaucracy cr eated a better way of organization of government activities. It removed the responsibilities that were centralized on the executive arm of the government that could lead to misuse of power by authoritarian leaders. Just as the business departments that have similar objectives as the organization, the bureaucratic agencies also have aims and objectives that are in line with the government objectives. Since the agencies comprise individuals that have expertise ad experience in the specific areas of assignments, they are able to execute complex tasks that would not be integrated by a single agency. Bureaucratic agencies in the United States are under the control of both the President and the Congress (Bureaucracy, para.6). This struggle for control affects the operations of the agencies that have distinct roles. Some of the agencies are concerned with coordination of all functions that generate revenue to the government. The agencies implement the fiscal and monetary policies that even tually yield revenue to the government. Some agencies are charged with the national financial management including the implementation of the budget in the federal government. In doing this, the agencies also control the economy of the government. Other agencies are concerned with the conservation or preservation of natural resources. The agencies implement the policies that are aimed at ensuring proper care of the environment.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They ensure that other players like individuals and business organizations comply with the regulations on environment management when carrying out their activities. Similar functions are observed in the sectors like transportation, agriculture, energy regulation, communication and so on. The Nuclear Energy, its Uses and its Effects Nuclear energy is a cheap source of energy in terms of its output. The energy provides good alternative to other non-renewable forms of energy that face the challenge of quick depletion since it gives a lot of energy from small units of fuel used (Nuclear power: Energy from splitting Uranium atoms Para. 1). However, this form of energy has certain associated challenges. Apart from the fact that it is costly and requires high level of expertise to be produced (Nuclear power: Energy from splitting Uranium atoms Para. 18), the energy has radioactive emissions that are harmful to the public health. The emissions are also harmful to the environment since the e xplosions can lead to massive destruction of environment within a very short period. Worst of all, nuclear weapons have been the major equipments used by terrorists to launch attacks on their enemies. The development of nuclear weapons in the mid twentieth centuries resulted into various wars on the global scene like the Cold War. Such wars have effects on the general developments of the associated nations. With the increased need to improve on the economy in different countries, there was a need to control the use of such weapons. There is need to promote international trade between various countries. The investors will only be attracted to a region that is political stable and has high level of security. It is also the role of the government to ensure that its citizens are protected from any harmful substances. The government should strive to promote the health and general security of the members of the public. Similarly, the environment has significant contribution towards the de velopment of a given country. The government has to show a lot of concern on the issues that are concerned with the conservation and management of the environment. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) About the Commission The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is bureaucratic agency in the United States that was established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 from the United States Atomic Energy Commission (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, para.1). The commission came into being because of the amendment of Atomic Energy Act of 1954 that led to split of the former roles of the Atomic Energy Commission. The commission is one of the numerous independent agencies established in the United States that help the Congress to discharge its duties of serving the interests of the public. The complex nature of tasks that faces the Federal government calls for the breakdown of roles to manageable categories with increased specialization. The enforcement of the different components of government laws may not be possible from a single body. The independent regulatory agencies enact and implement policies that govern operations in different sectors of the government. In this regard, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is charged with the role of the development ad implementation of rules and regulations that govern the production, distribution, and use of nuclear materials and facilities. The mission of the Commission The commission is out to regulate the use of nuclear products and byproducts by the civilian and the military of the United States to improve on the health and safety of the public, improve on the security of the members of the public, and protect the environment from harmful emissions of nuclear materials. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is described as a collegial body that ‘formulates policies, develops regulations governing nuclear reactor and nuclear material safety, issues orders to licensees, and adjudicates legal matters’ (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Para.1). The functions of the Commission In managing the different problems associated with the nuclear energy, the agency assumes different roles. Firstly, in order to improve the economy of the country by promoting international trade, the agency is aimed at preventing such terrorist acts by regulating the production and use of these deadly weapons. It ensures that the nuclear reactors are safe and secured from intrusion by unauthorized persons. The agency ensures that only licensed nuclear reactors are established within the borders of the United States. It also regulates the use of the military materials and facilities by the civilian as well as the military in the United States. This allows for the regulation of the movement of these nuclear materials and facilities within and outside the country. Secondly, the commission aims at improving the lives of people through public promoting public health issues. The nuclear products are also used in other settings other warfare. These include the learning institutions, the healthcare centers, the industrial sector, and business organizations. These products are harmful to human life if good precaution is not taken. The commission regulates the use of the products in these settings. Finally, the commission is also concerned with the environmental impact of the usage of this form of energy. Good precaution should be taken in handling the nuclear products and wastes right from the storage. Proper mechanisms should also be used in the transportation of the products. The commission ensures proper storage and transportation of nuclear products and wastes to their preferred destinations. It has also been stated that the waste materials from the nuclear products are very harmful to the human environment and can be a challenge to the human health and safety. The commission is also responsible for ensuring the proper disposal of these waste products. It ensures that all the associated parties with the production and use of these products take part in the disposal of the waste products as provided by the legislative regulations. Organizational Structure of the Commission The top management of the commission consists of five commissioners that are appointed by the president and approved by the senate. The president appoints one of the commissioners to be the chairperson and the final spokesperson of the Commission (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, para.1). The chairperson becomes the principle executive officer of the commission charged with the administrative and management responsibilities. The organizational structure has a hierarchical system with one level answerable to the next level in the structure. The chairperson has the overall authority over the functions of the agency. He or she is reports to the president. There is also the office of the Executive Director of Operations (EDO). All the members of the commission are required to take part in the development and formulation of policies that govern production and use of nuclear materials. The ED reports to the chairperson of the commission. The EDO then has the responsibility of carrying out the policies that have been developed by the commission. The EDO, in turn, directs the activities that are performed by the program officers in implementing the formulated policies (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2011c, para.1). The program officers report to the EDO and ensure that use of these nuclear materials is in accordance with the provisions of the commission. The Operations of the NRC and the Outcomes of the Policies The operations of the commission are governed by a number of legislative provisions. There are laws regulating the use of nuclear materials and facilities by the civilian. These include the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (that created the NRC), and the Reorganization plans (legislative initiatives that were mainly concerned with environmental management) (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission para.2). The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 is the basis of the laws in the United States that govern the use of nuclear materials and facilities by the civilians as well as the military. The Act provides that the development and use of nuclear materials in the United States should be regulated in order to â€Å"promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the living standards, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise† (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, para.5). The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is given the powers to establish the standards that govern the use of these nuclear materials by the civilian to improve on health and safety of the public as well as the security of individuals’ property. The Commission has full control over the nuclear production plants in the different states of the US. In effect, there cannot be an illegal production of nuc lear products. This improves on the safety of the States and their citizens. It has been stated that the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 led to the creation of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Before this Act was enacted, both development and production of nuclear weapons as well as the regulation of use of these materials were performed by the Atomic Energy Commission (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, para.6). After splitting the functions in 1974, the Department of Energy was given the responsibility of the production of these nuclear weapons. The act also defined the organizational structure of the Commission as well as the offices that would be established in different regions of the United States. The United States Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 as one of the Reorganization plans. The agency is charged with the responsibility of establishing the standards that need to be met to ensure maximum protection of the environment from the nuclea r materials. There are also legal provisions that are concerned with the management of nuclear waste. These include the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendment Act of 1985, and the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, para.3). According to the Nuclear Waste Policy Act, the Federal government is required to establish some reliable location for disposing the dangerous radioactive waste materials. The Act also provides that the individuals or companies that produce such wastes should bear the costs of the disposal of such wastes. It provides that different parties including the members of the public be included in the identification and development of the damping sites of such materials. Once the government’s Department of Energy has identified the site, it seeks an authorization from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission before the site can be constructed (United States Nuclear R egulatory Commission, Para.12). The States are also responsible for the disposal of low-level nuclear wastes that are generated within their territories. The Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendment Act of 1985 provides the NRC with the authority to establish standards for determining the wastes concentration that are to be considered in this category (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Para.13). The commission also manages the waste disposal facilities in different states. These environmental management measures contribute significantly to the economic development of the country. The Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 provides the commission the authority to regulate the operations at mill tailing sites for the sites that were licensed by the commission immediately after the legislation came into force. The other important legislation governing the operation of the commission is the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978. The legislation aimed at restr aining the spread of nuclear weapons within and outside the United States (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Para.14). It outlined the criteria with which the Commission should issue license for the export of nuclear weapons outside the States. The other set of legislative provisions regulate the processes of the regulatory agencies like the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. These include the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C Chapters 5 through 8) and the National Environmental Policy Act. It has been observed that the commission as well as the other agencies in the United States formulates the policies (rules) that are to be accomplished by the agencies. The Administrative Procedure Act gives the agencies these adjudicative roles. The Act also provides the public with the authority to sue the agencies in the event that the agency establishes a rule that is not in accordance with the other developmental objectives within the given community (United States Nuclear Regulat ory Commission, 2011b, para.16). The management of environment is of concern to the government at the Federal, state and county levels. Every initiative that is to be taken by a federal agency has significant impacts on the environment (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Para.19). It is necessary that the operations of every agency in the United States should focus on, and contribute, towards environmental management. The National Environmental Policy Act requires that an agency should provide an Environmental Impact Assessment before carrying out any significant project when such a project is proposed. The EIA will provide details of the possible environmental impacts of the project as well as alternative courses of action that could be taken (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2011b, para.19). The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has to abide by these regulatory provisions in executing its operations. Summary and Conclusion The functions performed by the bureaucra tic agencies are essential in helping the federal government of the United States to serve the interests of the members of the public. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission, in particular, has contributed significantly towards the improvement of the lives of the public. The commission has encouraged the use of a form of energy that can serve several people but is also harmful to human life if not properly managed. The fear of terrorist attack within the borders of the US has also been reduced due to the regulations imposed on the production and movement of these deadly weapons within the country. This also improves on the economy of the country since it becomes a good base for international trade. The structure and composition of the commission is also a key to the success of the commission. The members of the bureaucratic agencies are recruited on their merits. This allows for the development of a hierarchical organizational structure composed of specialized personnel each of whom has good understanding of the respective sectors. The members of the agencies are able to develop their rules independently and follow these rules without discrimination of any kind. The little or no political influence on the running of these agencies also contributes significantly to their success. â€Å"Bureaucracy.† garyrutledge.com, 2011. Web. â€Å"Nuclear power: Energy from splitting Uranium atoms.† Energy Resources: Nuclear power, 2011. Web. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Commission, 2011a. Web. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Our Governing Legislation, 2011b. Web. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Organization and functions, 2011c. Web.

Federal Efforts to Control Monopoly

Federal Efforts to Control Monopoly Monopolies were among the first business entities the U.S. government attempted to regulate in the public interest. Consolidation of smaller companies into bigger ones enabled some very large corporations to escape market discipline by fixing prices or undercutting competitors. Reformers argued that these practices ultimately saddled consumers with higher prices or restricted choices. The Sherman Antitrust Act, passed in 1890, declared that no person or business could monopolize trade or could combine or conspire with someone else to restrict trade. In the early 1900s, the government used the act to break up John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company and several other large firms that it said had abused their economic power. In 1914, Congress passed two more laws designed to bolster the Sherman Antitrust Act: the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. The Clayton Antitrust Act defined more clearly what constituted illegal restraint of trade. The act outlawed price discrimination that gave certain buyers an advantage over others; forbade agreements in which manufacturers sell only to dealers who agree not to sell a rival manufacturers products; and prohibited some types of mergers and other acts that could decrease competition. The Federal Trade Commission Act established a government commission aimed at preventing unfair and anti-competitive business practices. Critics believed that even these new anti-monopoly tools were not fully effective. In 1912, the United States Steel Corporation, which controlled more than half of all the steel production in the United States, was accused of being a monopoly. Legal action against the corporation dragged on until 1920 when, in a landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that U.S. Steel was not a monopoly because it did not engage in unreasonable restraint of trade. The court drew a careful distinction between bigness and monopoly and suggested that corporate bigness is not necessarily bad.​​ Experts Note: Â  Generally speaking, the federal government in the United States has a number of options at its disposal in order to regulate monopolies. (Remember, regulation of monopolies is economically justified since monopoly is a form of market failure that creates inefficiency- i.e. deadweight loss- for society.) In some cases, monopolies are regulated by breaking up the companies and, by doing so, restoring competition. In other cases, monopolies are identified as natural monopolies- i.e. companies where one big firm can produce at lower cost than a number of smaller firms- in which case they are subjected to price restrictions rather than being broken up. Legislation of either type is far more difficult than it sounds for a number of reasons, including the fact that whether a market is considered a monopoly depends crucially on how broadly or narrowly a market is defined.​

CV writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CV writing - Essay Example My intention is to produce a learning environment that fosters creativity and collaboration among the students so that self-expression can be utilized with goal setting skills in order to fulfil personal aspirations as defined by the students, but framed within the learning goals of the class. Summary of Teaching Experience 2010. Supply Teacher (Teaching Agencies in UK) Working as cover/ supply teacher in various secondary schools around London. 2001- 2009. Mahaicony Secondary School, Guyana (Junior Teacher) Visual Arts teacher of the secondary school, responsible for teaching students ages 11 -16. Examiner for final exhibited examination art pieces. Guiding and rendering support to other junior teachers within the department. Visual Arts teacher ? Taught various areas of visual arts including Drawing and Painting, Textiles, Graphic design. ? Prepared lesson plan to meet the needs of diverse students from different cultures and backgrounds. ? Prepared fifth form (ages 16& 17) student s to write Caribbean Examination Council Secondary Education Certificate exam. ? Organized art exhibitions and assessing works of art. ? Developed students' interests, abilities and co-ordination by way of creative activities ? Tested and evaluated students’ ability for individual progress in written and oral work. ? Prepared and administered assignments and projects ? Planned schemes of work for entire year group. ? Built learners' confidence, and teaching successful learning strategies In Assisting the Teacher I Participated in ? Creating a good teacher- parent friendly relationship ? Encouraging parents to be actively involved in many areas of school life whilst developing close working relationships an active PTA ? Managing the classroom and organized activities such as educational tours and field trips. ? Identifying students with learning difficulties and provided learning aids and programmes to meet their needs. ? Participating in staff meetings, conferences and educat ional workshops ? Discussing students’ progress and problems with students and parents. Encouraged parents to be actively involved in their children’s school life. ? Encouraging students to become independent learners by setting challenging and demanding expectations to promote self-esteem Junior Teacher Adviser Responsibilities ? Advised and supported staff on planning, assessment and resources including lesson planning. ? Assisted in disciplinary problems School’s Environment Club Leader ? Organised sponsored events, lunchtime and after school clubs. ? Planned and implement strategies in dealing with issues such as recycling and littering. ? Promoted activities planning through involvement of other schools and parents. Achievements ? Completed the objectives and activities set in the curriculum on time. ? 98%- 100% passes in exams: Caribbean Examination Council Secondary Education Certificate exam. ? Significantly assisted in changing the behaviour of the enti re school towards littering through the implementation of policies. Education ? October 2005 –July 2009: BA in Fine Arts (Pass with credit), University of Guyana. ? October 2003 – July 2005: Technical Education Certificate in Radio and Electronic Servicing (Pass with distinction), Georgetown Technical Institute, Guyana. ? October 1998 – July 2001: Trained Teacher’s Certificate (Grade 1; Class 1), Cyril Potter College of Education, (Guyana Teachers’ Training College). ? October 1991 –

Chilean History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chilean History - Essay Example In terms of population, it has a huge population given its size, and it dominates in terms of agriculture. For Chile to have accomplished what it has accomplished to this far, there has been history that will not be forgotten soon. Chile was under military dictatorship that lasted for sixteen and a half years after the years which needed much reform. The years after 1973, (1973-1990), were characterized by military dictatorship that saw people lose their lives while some went missing. Today, Chile is one of the stable nations that are prosperous. In the 1960s and 1970s, Chile experienced social and economic problems that needed reform (Collier, Simon and William, 102). An economic depression was worsened by capital flight, which also led to the plummeting of private investments. Production fell, and the level of unemployment rose. Chile’s import strategy was faced with an overvaluation of the domestic currency. The prices of agricultural products began decreasing to the point that the government had to intervene in order for there to be regulation. Chile was also faced with an earthquake in 1960 plummeted the economic and social welfare of the people deeper. Public infrastructure was affected the monetary loss was more than anticipated. In addition, present was the social injustice from those who were supposed to be leading. New social groups emerged who pushed for certain reforms. These new social groups differed with leaders about certain conditions, which included the living conditions of people. The major social problems were the issue with the Roman Catholic Church whose political, social and economic affairs were looked at (Collier, Si mon and William, 122).... The Popular Unity government made efforts to reform the economy. It started with initiation of economic transformations which included a program that involved nationalization (nationalization program had legislations, requisitions and involvement of stakeholders), increase in real wages, reduction of inflation, urging of economic growth, increase of product consumption and this was mostly for those who were poor. Another initiative the government took was the reduction of economic independence on the rest of the world. This would lead to a significant increase in the economic value of Chile. Most of these reforms were to be accomplished by boosting the aggregate demand and strict price controls (Collier, Simon and William, 155). The government took over the copper mines and other foreign firms, banks and large estates. In 1971, by a unanimous vote of the Congress, the government rationalized the foreign copper firms. Also in the same period, the government removed the emergency legis lation from so as to allow it to take over and control industries without the approval of the congress (Collier, Simon and William, 202). Keynesian measures were applied in order to increase salaries and wages, thus increasing the purchasing power of working and middle classes. Though economically the party was on the path to success, politically, the party leader, Allende faced problems holding his party together. The party also faced different views by the opposing political parties, but still managed to make and maintain ties with other nations (Allende, 154). The Pinochet regime sought to repress women and had neoliberal economic and social policies that had a negative effect on the poor. The Chilean military overthrew the Popular Unity government in a violent coup. During the

Establishing a Healthy Work Environment by Improving Nurse and CNA Essay

Establishing a Healthy Work Environment by Improving Nurse and CNA Communication - Essay Example Nurses are exposed to a lot of pressure every day. This makes them vulnerable to living in an unhealthy work environment. Improving nurse and CNA communication regarding patient care are a perfect solution to this menace. Through the umbrella of the CAN, nurses are able to share their experiences regarding patient care. They are able to identify imminent danger and contain it in reasonable time. These would ensure the establishment of a healthy working condition for nurses comes to pass. The CNA is a union of laborers in the Nursing profession in the United States. Its members are all nurses by profession. They have practiced in the profession for varied lengths of time. Their collective knowledge is intense. Through enhancing communication between the members of the CAN, it is possible to establish a healthy working environment for all nurses. The world is currently moving towards making the work environment a safe haven. There is a race against time to see to it that the working en vironment is cozy and healthy for nurses. Literature review Nurses have for long suffered from a lot of work related mistreatment. These are the main sources of the lack of a healthy working environment in the nursing profession. Nurses are always burdened by enormous workloads. These leave them altogether fatigued and unable to give their best input in the work place. The moral of the nurses is killed entirely. They attend to their patients grudgingly. A worldwide survey indicates that the number of nurses in most health centers is particularly acute. A truly alarming number of patients are under the care of a single nurse. The nurses end up suffering from a lot of stress and burnout. They are compelled to take time off from work as a result of this. They are extremely vulnerable to falling sick not just due to the burnout but also by accidentally contracting ailments from their patients. They are constantly being nagged. This makes them unable to fully concentrate. They end up ign oring bits and pieces of the fundamental order of operation of the nursing profession. In the end, they inflict harm not just to the health of their patients, but to their own health as well. Many players in the healthcare environment have employed a lot of energy in an effort to curb problems related with the unhealthy working environment for nurses. Scholars have undertaken extensive research in trying to yield a lasting solution. So far, all these have been in vain. Change or process improvement project definition Owing to the fact that nurses have suffered for long, it is high time that a lasting solution is found for their problem. This is only achievable by establishing a resound nurse and CNA communication regarding patient care. By so doing, the nurses are able to take the load off their back. Like they say, a problem shared is a problem half solved. This applies to sharing the problem with a non professional in the field in questions. Using the proposed solution to the prob lem that the nurses are facing, they are on the contrary being poised to share their problems with professionals in the field in question. Needles to say, this will not only half solve their problems, but will actually eliminate them totally. CNA is a union of nurses in the United States of America which was established over six decades ago. It was established with the key purpose of collectively advocating for the rights of nurses in the United States. It has been hugely vibrant in calling for the registration of

Stock Options and Multinational Corporations Essay

Stock Options and Multinational Corporations - Essay Example Being a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products, the market is global and consumer range is broad; and this will not pose any problem in terms of the location of the venture. China is currently the leading economic zone in Asia, and expanding to this part of the globe will be beneficial for the company. China is a good source of cheaper labor, consequently resulting to less production costs. It is also a good location for logistics since consumers in the Asia-Pacific region can be reached much faster and easier. The study conducted by Tong and Reuer (2007) showed that venturing in a foreign country has an almost direct relationship with downside risks, both in terms of return on assets and return on equity. This is because cultural similarities have to be considered in order to minimize the negative effects. The fact that China’s language is the main barrier, plans have to be laid out in order to overcome this weakness. By adapting the methodology done by Tong (2007), the use of a Heckman two-stage model will be a good technique to for real options analysis. Variables such as cultural distance, trade restrictions and GDP should be evaluated to determine if the results are favorable. China’s language barrier can be solved, by getting business partners who can communicate both in English and Chinese. By doing so, the company will be able to penetrate billions of consumers, and provide even more opportunities in the

Critical Review of Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Review of Nokia - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that decreasing the dependency ratios of the elderly people within the rural municipalities, the project also aims to facilitate in the delivery of better health services and assuring a sustained economic growth. The project, which includes both a literature review on the issue, and an evaluation of the present conditions through discussions, questionnaires, and interviews, will help us to understand the subject matter better by giving us a clear insight into the Finnish health care system, and the use of the technological innovations within this sector. The research question, suitably framed, takes into account the elderly population and the medical services in rural Finland, examines the entire field of medicine and innovative technology. The basic motivation behind this project is the viability of the Health book, is an â€Å"easy to use online medical networking service aimed at senior citizens, communities, hospitals and doctors†. The elderly population living within rural communities will benefit from this online health service by getting direct access to medical and social support without having to go out of their houses. The hypotheses that says ‘quality performing telecommunication connections and broadband accessibility make it possible for people in rural areas to live and work despite long distances’   is measurable both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively the data can be collected through theoretical studies of books, journals, and articles on the relationship between improved health ca re facilities, and innovative technologies and communications.  

Individual Presentations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individual Presentations - Essay Example Freud makes a comparison between melancholia and mourning to make it easy to understand this concept (Freud, 245). According to Freud, Melancholia is a condition that is closely related to problems with a person’s ego that leads to the onset of the underlying symptoms and indicating signs of the condition. The theoretical framework that Kristeva takes to explain melancholia heavily borrows from the works of Nerval and Dostoevsky. However, the author explains melancholia through symbolism and imagery from an artistic perspective by clearly articulating that melancholia has some aspects of aggressiveness towards the lost object. Through symbolism that is expressed in an artistic ways people suffering from melancholia are able to express their sorrows, suffering in manner that makes them feel like fleeing away from the lost object or the conditions that bring about melancholia (Freud, 245). It should be clear Kristeva also borrows heavily from Freud’s conceptualization of melancholia. Lasky provides a conceptualization and understanding of melancholia through the use of a poetic approach. Lasky uses a poem to make it apparent that melancholia leads to sadness, which eventually makes someone want to escape this condition through suicide and death. It reveals features of melancholy throughout and shows how this melancholia reveals itself in art and how it expresses itself as a desire to destroy oneself through death or suicide. For instance, a person suffering melancholia laments if there are vermin underneath the earth/ who are waiting for him join

Critical Review of Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Review of Nokia - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that decreasing the dependency ratios of the elderly people within the rural municipalities, the project also aims to facilitate in the delivery of better health services and assuring a sustained economic growth. The project, which includes both a literature review on the issue, and an evaluation of the present conditions through discussions, questionnaires, and interviews, will help us to understand the subject matter better by giving us a clear insight into the Finnish health care system, and the use of the technological innovations within this sector. The research question, suitably framed, takes into account the elderly population and the medical services in rural Finland, examines the entire field of medicine and innovative technology. The basic motivation behind this project is the viability of the Health book, is an â€Å"easy to use online medical networking service aimed at senior citizens, communities, hospitals and doctors†. The elderly population living within rural communities will benefit from this online health service by getting direct access to medical and social support without having to go out of their houses. The hypotheses that says ‘quality performing telecommunication connections and broadband accessibility make it possible for people in rural areas to live and work despite long distances’   is measurable both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively the data can be collected through theoretical studies of books, journals, and articles on the relationship between improved health ca re facilities, and innovative technologies and communications.  

SAM 342 UNIT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 342 UNIT 1 - Essay Example They do this through the draft rules, where NBA teams seek amateur college students to join their teams. They are later trained to become professional basketball players. The National Basketball Association is the authority that forms, and enforces these rules. The worst club gets the first choice in picking raw talent. Players pass through rigorous interviews and fitness tests, before admission to a basketball team. Clubs offer huge salaries, allowances and financial endorsements to sustain these players (Chellandurai, 1999). This motivates them, and improves their performance, ensuring loyalty to the club. Footballers such as David Beckham are rich and famous due to the sustainable programs by sports organization. These organizations change the attitudes of their players through the mindset. To enhance good performance, a player needs confidence. Sports and recreational organizations install this virtue through various programs and peer education seminars (Chelladurai, 1999). They hire psychologists to talk to employers, building their confidence level, both at the sports arena, and outside the sports

Macbeth by Shakespeare

Macbeth by Shakespeare Macbeth , written by Shakespeare, is a tragic play written around 1050 A.D. In this catastrophic play, the symbol of blood is mentioned differently several times. Shakespeare uses intricate imagery with the association of the word, blood. This specific word is significant because he uses the word creatively to develop the character of Macbeth and the unfortunate events that occur in the play. The word, blood, is mentioned about forty-two times and ironically the word, fear, also appears forty-two times in the play. As Macbeths character fluctuates throughout the play, the powerful emblematic meaning of the word, blood, changes from the beginning to the end as well. Once Macbeth and Lady Macbeth start their murderous journey, blood soon emerges into a symbol of their guiltiness. They both begin to feel that their appalling crimes have forever stained their lives. The first mention of blood seems to establish the significance of honor. Next, the second allusion of blood shows a terribl e example of betrayal. Lastly, the third reference of blood appears to establish the sense of guiltiness. Therefore, all of these different kinds of images of blood help develop the atmosphere and scene and as well contribute to the over all drama of the play. To begin with, the first allusion of blood in Macbeth is based upon honor. Near the beginning of the scene two in act one, a bleeding sergeant appears on the stage. It is known that Macbeth and the Scottish army defeated Macdonwalds army. The sergeant continues with his description of the battle and how Macbeth and Macbeths friend, Banquo fought bravely, â€Å"For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name- / Disdaining fortune, with his brandishd steel / Which smokd with bloody execution, / Like valors minion carvd out his passage† (1.2.19-21). In this specific passage of the play, the allusion of blood is a symbol of bravery and courage. Heroic blood shed for a noble deed is known to be the good kind of blood. On the other hand, Macbeths character changes drastically throughout the unfortunate events in the play by the allegory of the blood he sheds. Before Duncans murder, Macbeth had a horrific vision of a dagger floating in the air in front of him, Macbeth describes intrica tely, â€Å"†¦and on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, / Which was not so before. Theres no such thing: / It is the bloody business which informs / Thus to mine eyes† (2.1.46-49). The blood imagery in this passage obviously refers to betrayal and murder. This is a dire contrast to what blood symbolized in the beginning of the play. Blood was once seen as a positive merit, but is now associated with the darkness of evil. This imagery also shows the beginning of Macbeths character transformation of nobility and bravery into treachery and evilness. After Macbeth murders Duncan, he begins to realize the severity of his crime as he tries to wash Duncans blood off his hands, Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? No; this hand will rather / The multitudinous seas incarnadine, / Making the green one red. (Act II, Scene 2, Lines 71-75) This passage illustrates the act of murder has changed Macbeths character. No longer does the blood connote an image of ambition; it now symbolizes guilt, remorse, and an entry into the gates of hell from which no one can return. Macbeth laments that not even all the water in the ocean will wash the blood off his hands, he is beginning to realize the magnitude of his crime, and that he has done something truly evil. This same blood symbolism continues when Macbeth, shortly after he sees the ghost of the murdered Banquo at his feast, goes into a state of shock and has to be escorted back to his chamber by Lady Macbeth. He tells Lady Macbeth before he goes to sleep, All cau ses shall give way: I am in blood / Steppd in so far that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go oer: (Act III, Scene 4, Lines 159-161) Like her husband, the once ambitious Lady Macbeth finally realizes the significance of associating herself in the murder plot, and the severe repercussions it will bring. Tormented by nightmares, she sleepwalks through her bedroom and cries, What, will these hands neer be clean?†¦Heres the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of / Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (Act V, Scene 1, Lines 40, 46-47) The blood imagery exhibits Lady Macbeths guilt over Duncans murder. Her hallucinations of blood on her hands and her constant efforts to wash it off demonstrate that the agony of having guilty feelings is causing her to go insane. We later learn that this guilt strains her mind to the point that she commits suicide. We now find that Macbeth has entered so far into hell and the world of evil, it is impossible for him to return to righteousness. He will be forced to kill more and more people in order to retain control of the throne. The sins he has committed have not only perverted his virtuous life, but have condemned him to an eternity in hell. There is no chance of redemption; he has permanently allied himself with the forces of evil. In the plays final scene, Macduff confronts Macbeth to avenge the murders of his children and his wife at Macbeths hand, and to see Malcolm established as the rightful King. As Malcolm sees Macbeth, he exclaims, I have no words: / My voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain / Than terms can give thee out! (Act V, Scene 8, Lines 8-10) Shakespeare uses this blood imagery to enhance the audiences understanding of Macbeths character. The audience has now witnessed the complete transformation of Macbeth. He begins as a noble, just and brave person, to becoming evil , ambitious, and treacherous during Duncans murder, to his final feelings of remorse for his crime and finally, to the realization that he will be punished for his sins.

Napoleon Essay -- European History Military Generals Essays

Napoleon â€Å"I live only for posterity, death is nothing, but to live without glory is to die every day† (Lefebvre 43). Napoleon was driven by his desire for glory and ambition and his ascension was tremendous. Born in Corsica, his family moved to France, in Marseilles, when he was only a child. From the state of a â€Å"lieutenant,† at the age of sixteen, to the one of emperor in 1804, till reigning over the European continent after his conquest of Prussia, his ascension was not only due to the events that occurred during his life, but was also due to his ambition and his tremendous genius. His genius was both military and political. Napoleon was a military genius because of his career rapidity. He went to the School of Officers in Paris. At the age of sixteen he was already a lieutenant. At Toulon, this battle enabled him to climb quickly the echelons in the military. As Chandler states, Napoleon gave military orders to produce a large number of guns. These guns and mortars provided Napoleon the possibility to attack the different forts situated in places that were overlooking the harbor. Because of this production, Napoleon was able to produce enough guns to attack the place without having a great loss in his army. Horne declared the recapture of the port became possible because the previous attacks enabled Napoleon to place a number of guns and mortars in good position to fire the British fleet commanded by Hood (17). By the success of his capture, the British fleet left the harbor and Napoleon gained great recognition by the military and was soon after promoted to the rank of â€Å"gà ©neral de brigade.† Napoleon’s military genius is perceived through the new division of the army. Gates state... ..., Georges. â€Å"A Romantic Tempered by Realpolitik.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989. Napoleonic Europe 1812. Map. Atlas of European History. By Bartholomew, Edinburgh. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. 148-49 Rothenberg, Gunther. â€Å"Military Affairs.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989. Rowe, Michael. â€Å"Debate: Napoleon and the Post-Revolutionary Management of Sovereignty.† Modern and Contemporary France 8.4 (2000): 510-13. Academic Search Premiere. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 04 Nov. 2002 Vandal, Albert. â€Å"The Restoration of Order and National Unity.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989.