Cats And Dogs Essay Example For Students

Felines And Dogs Essay I am going to look into the likenesses and contrasts among canines and felines. The similitudes are incalculable, yet this remains constant with the distinctions too. In the first place, we will talk about the likenesses that these two animals share. One of the most evident likenesses between these two creatures is that the two of them have hair. They are likewise tamed creatures kept as pets. They require love and love from their proprietor, and can show love and friendship If you show it towards them. Something else is that when you pet them, in addition to the fact that it relieves pressure, it gets canine or feline hair all over the place. In the character of Madame Defarge the persecuted, disobedient lady, and the continuously and callous savage are spoken to. Madame Defarge was energized by her contempt of the privileged, similarly as the workers and poor ction and

Business Operations Of Myer Holdings Limited

Business Operations Of Myer Holdings Limited Myer Holdings Limited has 66 stores over the Australia, being Australias biggest non-rebate retail chain. Myer gives clients an expansive scope of item classifications and a wide determination of household and global brands at different value focuses. To keep up the strength in the market, Myer has consented to 14 rent arrangements for new stores, redeveloped Melbourne leader store to a global class standard; grow MYER one dedication program, along with establishment of another purpose of - deal framework. On second November 2009, Myer was recorded on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) after a first sale of stock. Business Operation Nature of income assets Deals income grows up 0.7%â [1]â to $332.24 million in FY2010 [2] . As appeared in the Figure 1, 3.7 million MYER one individuals contribute 68% of deals. It is potential to develop top-line deals through existing and new individuals. Myer additionally produces more income prevalently through intrigue charges and yearly expenses, as 35,600 new Myer Visa cards joined in FY2010. Complete MYER one Gold card holders are currently more than 20,000, who spend more than $7,500 per annum. Basic profit were bolstered by better edges from its developing line of select brands, presently representing 17 % of its businessâ [3]â . Concession administrator deals are $103,712,000 for FY2010, which is produced using giving store space to entrenched brands, containing installments for floor space and additionally a level of gross deals. Myers corporate and wedding administrations are another income streams. Myer Gifts and Myers online deals channel further help promoting income, being foreseen to have a bigger nearness in the following 5 years. Direct of Operations Myer is the biggest multi-classification retail chain in Australia. So as to hang out in the serious business, Myer utilized a solid, clear development procedure which is based on four key columns: practically identical store deals, net edge improvement, new store opening and decreases in the expense. As indicated by the monetary yearly reports, profit before intrigue and expense (EBIT) expanded fundamentally from $165 million to $236 million since 2007 and continue developing to between $265 million to $272 million of every 2010. Myers vision of being a worldwide class retail business has set up a notable and trustworthy brand, along with Myer Loyalty program to hold and extend client base so as to build deals. Myer has opened 65 stores in prime retail stores in Australia and Bernie Brookes, and 14 new stores are wanted to open throughout the following four years. Myer uses new store rollout to accomplish a bigger scope business. CEO calls attention to that the interest in the execu tion of CCTV is finished which is foreseen to diminish misfortunes from burglary. Myer additionally set up another POS framework to create profitability and client administrations enhancements. Improve markdown the executives which is relied upon to be finished by savvy distribution of items and better sourcing is created so as to lessen the activity costs and accomplish a rising gross edge. Items administrations and markets Myer works a shopper dedication program and offers an enormous number of Australian family units in excess of 600,000 product offerings, involving 2,400 brands sourced from more than 800 worldwide providers. Myers item comprise of eleven center classes: womenswear, menswear, youth design, childrenswear, private clothing, excellence, aroma and beautifying agents, homewares, electrical products, toys, style extras, and general product. Items are sold over various markets characterized by their value focuses: Permanent Value, Attainable Fashion, Inspired Designs, Affordable Luxury and Premium Luxury, guaranteeing profundity of range and wide client bid. Myer has a set-up of administrations to help its business, collaborating with Visa and QBE to give acknowledge offices, for example, the Myer Visa card and complete MYER Insurance inclusion for clients. There has likewise been center around the extension of Myers online store nearness, gift vouchers, corporate administrations and wedding and blessing vaults in 2009, Myer entered an association with Red Balloon, Australias driving provider of experiential endowments to additionally build up its blessing library business. Industry Conditions: Market and Competition Myer is Australias biggest non-markdown retail chain in retail industry. Supplies are essential to retail chains achievement, with retail chains clamoring to protect selective provider concurrences with mainstream brands. Despite expanding dealing intensity of providers and lower exchanging costs, expanding section obstructions to this industry because of extension of existing players, solid brand faithfulness, high capital expenses and high procurement costsâ [4]â have guaranteed the serious condition stays high, yet consistent. In spite of the principle rival, David Jones, Myer additionally contends with claim to fame stores, particularly footwear and attire, and markdown retail chains, for example, Target, Big W, and Kmart. Drug stores present huge rivalry in scents and beautifying agents. Administrative Environment The Board of Myer Holdings Limited embraces corporate administration to improve execution of administrators and workers to be steady with investors desires. The Myers code additionally gives legitimate rules of behaviors and practices which must mindful and follow laws and guidelines pertinent to Myers activities, including word related wellbeing and security, reasonable exchanging and managing, protection and business rehearses. Considering of business leases is expected to open another strip mall, consenting to agreements and arrangements require compliances with retail occupancy enactment. Moreover, Myer Holdings Limited needs to conform to the Corporations law which is set up to give rules and duties to partners. As Myer Holdings Limited is recorded on the ASX, it is additionally required nonstop and straightforward exposure of its money related reports and any critical occasions and exchanges. In addition, Myer ought to follow the Trade Practices Act upheld by the Australian Com petition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) with point of securing client rights. Breaking this can be fined seriously by Federal Court. Bug Analysis: Political By and large Australia has a stable world of politics and moderately low political hazard. The Government is actualizing monetary changes to reinforce and make sure about the economy. This will guarantee Australia is all around situated to completely profit by the open doors made by solid development in our district, and guaranteeing that all Australians share in the advantages of a solid economyâ [5]â . The administration is accomplishing this by methods for closer associations with rising economies, for example, China, organized commerce concurrences with China, Japan and Korea are as of now under arrangement, and the Australian government has consented to unhindered commerce arrangements with New Zealand, Singapore and the United Statesâ [6]â as Myer offers its client both neighborhood and worldwide brands by bringing in from everywhere throughout the world. These unhindered commerce understandings help Myer to accomplish cost proficiency in its gracefully chain, anyway the potential clash between Australian Standards and different nations gauges for an equivalent item may exists and influence Myers flexibly of these items to its clients. From 1 July 2010, the low annual duty counterbalance will increment from $1350 to $1500, the 30% limit will increment from $35000 to $37000 and the 38% negligible expense rate will diminish to 37%â [7]â . Tax reductions will build family units discretionary cashflow which could spur more use. Myer will conceivably profit by the expanding of family unit consumption. Financial Because of the Global money related emergency, Australia monetary agreements in 2009, adversely affecting the retail business and consequently produced a troublesome domain for Myer. Be that as it may, the Australian economy had bounced back genuinely well. The joblessness rate diminished 0.2 rate focuses over August 2010. Also, the regularly balanced GDP development rate change from Jun quarter 2009 to Jun quarter 2010 is +3.3%â [8]â . These will upgrade the buyer certainty and conceivably increment the deals of Myer. Furthermore, the buyer value record shows that the degree of swelling has diminished consistently (Mar 09 is 3.9, Dec 09 is 3.1, and Jun 10 is 2.7). It might be advantageous to Myer as rising buying intensity of purchasers can expand utilization on items offered by Myer. Moreover, the Australian dollar has acknowledged generously during the year. Myer can exploit it since the imported items are less expensive than previously. Then again, as per the measurement from RBA, the reality RBA has expanded the money rate multiple times for each time being 0.25% since 7 October 2009. The expansion of the money rate prompts a lot of premium Myer needs to cover. Social Australia is a migration nation with a pluralistic culture. In the 2006 Australian enumeration, the most ordinarily named family line was Australian (37.13%) trailed by English (31.65%), Irish (9.08%), Scottish (7.56%), Italian (4.29%), German (4.09%), Chinese (3.37%), and Greek (1.84%). [9] With the decent variety in culture and foundation, the entire society has an uplifting mentality of inviting outside items and administrations. This is positive for Myer since Myer gives global brand items to its clients. Australia has a populace of 22 million and brought together around the coasts as appeared in Figure2. The geographic appropriation of the Myers store portfolio is in accordance with Australias geographic populace circulation, with most of stores situated in the more thickly populated eastern seaboard statesâ [10]â . Figure 2: Population thickness, Australia-June 2009â [11]â à ¦Ã¥Ã¢ ªÃ£ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢ ½Ã£ ¥Ã¢ Ã¢ .jpg The Aus

How to Use Online Dating Apps Safely

How to Use Online Dating Apps Safely Relationships Print How to Use Online Dating Apps Safely By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 iStockphoto More in Relationships Spouses & Partners LGBTQ Violence and Abuse In This Article Table of Contents Expand Cold, Hard Facts About Online Dating Choosing the Best App for You Staying Safe While Using Dating Apps View All Back To Top Over the past several years, the popularity of online dating has skyrocketed compared to where it originally started. In fact, dating apps and websites have given single people a convenient new way to connect with people. But, with this ease of use comes some new issues, particularly in the form of safety. For instance, interacting with strangers online can put you at risk for identity theft, online harassment, stalking, digital dating abuse, catfishing, and other scams. And, if you do decide to meet up in real life (IRL) with someone you met online, there also is the chance that you could find yourself in physical danger as well. To make navigating the online dating scene a little easier and safer, we have compiled a list of important facts about online dating. We also have put together some tips for selecting the best app for you as well as included keys to staying safe in the online dating world. Cold, Hard Facts About Online Dating Whether you are new to online dating, or you consider yourself a pro, it helps to have a clear understanding of what dating apps offer including how often they are used, how they are viewed by others, and even how honest people are when building their profiles. Here is everything you need to know about the online dating industry. Online dating is growing in popularity According to the eHarmony website, an online dating program for Christian singles, more than 40 million Americans are using online dating websites. 40% of Americans use online dating as a way to meet new people. Whats more, 27% of young adults report using online dating sites, which is a 10% increase from 2013. Researchers speculate that this increase is due to the fact that dating apps are now available on smartphones. Meanwhile, online dating among 55 to 64-year-olds has also risen substantially with 12% indicating they use online dating sites compared to only 6% in 2013. Online dating has lost some of its stigmas In 2005, when the Pew Research Center first studied online dating habits, most Americans felt it was a subpar way of meeting people. But in their most recent study, nearly half of the public either knows someone who uses online dating or has met a spouse or partner through online dating. Still, 23% of Americans still think people who use online dating sites are desperate. People lie when using online dating sites To some, it probably comes as no surprise that people lie when creating their online dating profiles. But a whopping 53% of Americans tell little white lies when developing their online profiles according to a survey conducted by the global research firm, Opinion Matters. Overall, women tend to post younger photos of themselves while claiming to be thinner. Meanwhile, men tend to embellish the truth when it comes to their careers attempting to appear more successful than they really are. Some online daters assume you just want to hook up Research suggests that many men who use online dating apps assume that women are looking for sex. But studies have shown that is not the case. For instance, the majority of Tinders female users are looking for a genuine match and not a fling, even though the app has earned the reputation as being the hook up app. In fact, 60% of Tinders female users are looking for a relationship and do not want to hook up, according to informal research conducted by the Huffington Post. Whats more, Statistic Brain reports that only 33% of women using online dating websites say they have sex on their first date with an online match. Is Casual Dating Good for Relationships? Statistically, Online Relationships Dont Last According to research conducted by Michigan State University, relationships that begin online are nearly 30% more likely to break down than relationships that began through a mutual friend or where couples met face-to-face first. And for couples who met online and then got married, the chances of that relationship working out are even gloomier, with online couples three times as likely to get divorced. Online Dating Can Be De-Humanizing The Association of Psychological Science says many people treat online dating like shopping. They swipe through photos looking for the perfect mate often dismissing someone more quickly than they would have had they first met the person face-to-face. Consequently, the researchers warn that online dating can make you picky and judgmental. Some People Really Are Finding Love Online According to Statistic Brains Online Dating Industry Report, 20% of committed relationships began online. Whats more, they say that 17% of couples that were married in the last year met on a dating website. Meanwhile, Pew Research Center reports that two-thirds of online daters have gone out with someone they were matched with. But, they also found that one-third of people who have used online dating have never actually gone on a date. So, the odds of meeting someone online are improving. Choosing the Best App for You When it comes to selecting the best online dating app for you, reading reviews and comparing apps can get confusing, especially when the features and options not only vary widely but are constantly changing and evolving as developers change and improve the apps. And with more than 7,500 dating apps worldwide, there definitely are a lot to choose from. But, it doesnt have to be overwhelming. Follow these few simple steps to help you find the best app for you. Review the Safety Features Online dating can be a risky endeavor because there are so many unknowns. Consequently, you want to be sure that the app you select has some built-in safety features. Ideally, the app will promote its safety guidelines on the sign-up page. But if they do not, or if the safety guidelines are particularly hard to find, you may want to find a different app. Check Out the Reporting and Blocking Features Lets face it, when it comes to online dating, you are going to meet a few weirdos along the way - people that either creep you out or are just downright toxic. When this happens, you want to be able to report their behavior as well as block them from contacting you. For this reason, it is important to know upfront about how the app provides these features. And, if for some reason, there are no reporting or blocking features, then move on to the next app. Determine the Level of Visibility the App Provides When reviewing an app, check to see if you are able to control the visibility of your profile. Ideally, you want an app that allows more options to secure your profile. The less you have, the more exposed your information is on the Internet. For instance, the app, Hinge, offers several options for users to control who they see and who sees them. Just remember, the more options an app provides in this area, the better. Avoid Sites and Apps That Allow Messaging Prior to Matching No one likes receiving unwanted photos or creepy messages, which certainly is a possibility within dating apps. As a result, it is best to select an app that requires both people to have an interest before messaging can take place. This way, you can reduce the number of unwanted messages you get and limit it to only the people you want to be communicating with. Pay Attention to the Geography Settings Many online dating apps use your location as a way of allowing you to find possible matches. However, make sure the app allows you to some control over this setting. It is never a good idea to have an app that allows complete strangers to pinpoint where you are or even find your specific neighborhood. Sharing that kind of information just sets you up for problems. Look for Free Trials and Free Versions Most dating apps have both a free version and a paid version. As a result, you shouldnt shell out for the paid membership before you even know if you like the app or if it will be useful. Whats more, having the free version is not going to keep you from meeting new people. When you are first starting out, it can be a lot more beneficial to try several different apps to see what works rather than purchasing the premium membership before you have even taken it for a test drive. Plus, dating apps can get expensive if you are paying $10 to $25 a month for the service. Reconsider Apps That Link to Social Media Most dating apps like Tinder, Bumble, and Hinge allow people to share data from their social media profiles. This is mostly harmless, but be aware of how much information is revealed on your dating profile as a result. Remember, you do not know the people on the dating app and giving them access to your social media profile like photos of your family could be risky, especially if you are a single parent. You also want to keep where you went to school, where you hang out, and even your employer private. Making this information available means that even after you have blocked people through the app, they still could still find you and harass you through social media. Staying Safe While Using Dating Apps While you are never to blame if someone behaves in a predatory or disrespectful way toward you in the online dating world, there are things you can do to stay safe. Here are some useful safety tips you can put into practice right away to help you be more mindful. Use a Unique Photo When developing your dating profile, avoid using the same photo that you have on your social media accounts. If you use the same photo as your Facebook photo or your Instagram page, it is really easy for someone to do a reverse image search with Google. As a result, if you are using the same photo on all your accounts, it is much easier for someone to find you on social media. Leave Out the Personal Details When developing your online dating profile, make sure you do not include your last name, contact information, nicknames, or social media handles. You want to keep the personal details to a minimum. After all, if you come across someone who is a little on the creepy side, you dont want them having too much information about you. You may even want to tighten the security on your social media accounts to add another layer of protection. For instance, on Facebook change your page to where everything is private and only able to be viewed by Friends, not Friends of Friends. Stay Inside the App When you are messaging with a potential date, or even after a few dates, it is best to message one another inside the app. Although this might be inconvenient, if something doesnt work out, you do not have to worry about the fact that the person has your cell number. Whats more, staying inside the app provides you with an extra layer of protection. Some messaging systems with dating apps do not allow people to send photos or links, which can really reduce the number of unwanted photos you get. Set Up a Google Phone Number Eventually, you will want to talk with someone on the phone, either after you have met or beforehand. But instead of giving out your cell number, consider getting a Google phone number and forwarding it to your phone. It is pretty easy to set up. Once you log in to Google Voice, you simply choose your area code and select an available number. The instructions on the rest of the set-up process are pretty simple to follow. Take Precautions When Meeting IRL Avoid letting someone know exactly where you live. Instead, arrange to meet in a public place and provide your own transportation. You also should let a close friend know where you will be and when you will be home. You want your friends to know as much information as possible should something go wrong. Once on your date, be sure you stay aware and alert. Do not leave your drink unattended and keep the first few dates short. You may even want to bring a self-defense tool with you such as pepper spray or a high-powered flashlight. And, if the person you are meeting is making you uncomfortable or scared, enlist the help of a friend in leaving the situation. Remember, you should never feel bad about putting your safety first. Even if you have to do something rude to escape a situation, you need to make sure you are safe. Tips to Help You Date More Mindfully

Biography of General Tom Thumb, Sideshow Performer

General Tom Thumb (Charles Sherwood Stratton, January 4, 1838–July 15, 1883) was an unusually small man who, when promoted by the great showman Phineas T. Barnum, became a show business sensation. When Stratton was 5 years old, Barnum began exhibiting him as one of the wonders in his popular New York City museum. Fast Facts: Tom Thumb (Charles Stratton) Known For: Sideshow performer for P.T. BarnumBorn: January 4, 1838 in Bridgeport, ConnecticutParents: Sherwood Edwards Stratton and Cynthia ThompsonDied: July 15, 1883 in Middleboro, MassachusettsEducation: No formal education, although Barnum taught him to sing, dance, and performSpouse: Lavinia Warren (m. 1863)Children: Unknown. The couple traveled with a baby for a while, which may have been one of several rented from foundling hospitals, or their own who lived from 1869–1871. Early Life Tom Thumb was born Charles Sherwood Stratton on January 4, 1838, in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the third of three children of carpenter Sherwood Edwards Stratton and his wife Cynthia Thompson, who worked as a local cleaning woman. His two sisters, Frances Jane and Mary Elizabeth, were of average height. Charles was born as a large baby but he simply stopped growing at the age of five months. His mother took him to a doctor, who couldnt figure out his condition—it was likely a pituitary gland issue, not known at the time. Until his teens, he stood only 25 inches tall and weighed 15 pounds. Stratton never had a formal education: at the age of 4, he was hired by P.T. Barnum, who taught him to sing and dance and do impressions of famous people. Barnums Discovery of Tom Thumb Visiting his home state of Connecticut on a cold November night in 1842, the great showman Phineas T. Barnum thought to track down an amazingly small child he had heard about. Barnum, who already employed several â€Å"giants† at his famed American Museum in New York City, recognized the value of young Stratton. The showman made a deal with the boy’s father, a local carpenter, to pay three dollars a week to exhibit young Charles in New York. He then hurried back to New York City to begin promoting his new discovery. A Sensation in New York City â€Å"They came to New York, Thanksgiving Day, December 8, 1842,† Barnum recalled in his memoirs. â€Å"And Mrs. Stratton was greatly surprised to see her son announced on my Museum bills as General Tom Thumb.† With his typical abandon, Barnum had stretched the truth. He took the name Tom Thumb from a character in English folklore. Hastily printed posters and handbills claimed that General Tom Thumb was 11 years old, and that he had been brought to America from Europe â€Å"at great expense.† Charlie Stratton and his mother moved into an apartment in the museum building, and Barnum began teaching the boy how to perform. Barnum recalled him as â€Å"an apt student with a great deal of native talent and a keen sense of the ludicrous.† Young Charlie Stratton seemed to love performing. The boy and Barnum forged a close friendship that lasted many years. General Tom Thumb’s shows were a sensation in New York City. The boy would appear onstage in various costumes, playing the part of Napoleon, a Scottish highlander, and other characters. Barnum himself would often appear onstage as a straight man while â€Å"The General† would crack jokes. Before long, Barnum was paying the Strattons $50 a week, an enormous salary for the 1840s. A Command Performance for Queen Victoria In January 1844, Barnum and General Tom Thumb sailed for England. With a letter of introduction from a friend, newspaper publisher Horace Greeley, Barnum met the American ambassador in London, Edward Everett. Barnum’s dream was for Queen Victoria to see General Tom Thumb. Barnum, of course, maximized the trip to London even before leaving New York. He advertised in the New York papers that General Tom Thumb would be having a limited number of farewell performances before setting sail on a packet ship to England. In London, a command performance was arranged. General Tom Thumb and Barnum were invited to visit Buckingham Palace and perform for the Queen and her family. Barnum recalled their reception: We were conducted through a long corridor to a broad flight of marble steps, which led to the Queen’s magnificent picture gallery, where Her Majesty and Prince Albert, the Duchess of Kent, and twenty or thirty of the nobility were awaiting our arrival. They were standing at the farther end of the room when the doors were thrown open, and the General walked in, looking like a wax doll gifted with the power of locomotion. Surprise and pleasure were depicted on the countenances of the royal circle at beholding this remarkable specimen of humanity so much smaller than they had evidently expected to find him. The General advanced with a firm step, and as he came within hailing distance made a very graceful bow, and exclaimed, â€Å"Good evening, Ladies and Gentlemen!† A burst of laughter followed this salutation. The Queen then took him by the hand, led him about the gallery, and asked him many questions, the answers to which kept the party in an uninterrupted strain of merriment. According to Barnum, General Tom Thumb then performed his usual act, performing â€Å"songs, dances, and imitations.† As Barnum and â€Å"The General† were leaving, the Queen’s poodle suddenly attacked the diminutive performer. General Tom Thumb employed the formal walking stick he was carrying to fight off the dog, much to everyone’s amusement. The visit to Queen Victoria was perhaps the greatest publicity windfall of Barnums entire career. And it made General Tom Thumbs theater performances a huge hit in London. Barnum, impressed by the grand carriages he saw in London, had a miniature carriage built to take General Tom Thumb around the city. Londoners were enthralled. And the smashing success in London was followed by performances in other European capitals. Continued Success and a Celebrity Wedding General Tom Thumb continued performing, and in 1856 he embarked on a cross-country tour of America. A year later, along with Barnum, he again toured Europe. He began to grow again during his teens, but very slowly, and he eventually reached a height of three feet. In the early 1860s, General Tom Thumb met a small woman who was also in Barnum’s employ, Lavinia Warren, and the two became engaged. Barnum, of course, promoted their wedding, which was held on February 10, 1863, at Grace Church, an elegant Episcopal cathedral at the corner of Broadway and 10th Street in New York City. Scenes of General Tom Thumbs life, including his wedding. Getty Images   The wedding was the subject of an extensive article in The New York Times on February 11, 1863. Headlined â€Å"The Loving Liliputians,† the article noted that a stretch of Broadway for several blocks was â€Å"literally crowded, if not packed, with an eager and expectant populace.† Lines of policemen struggled to control the crowd. The account in The New York Times began by pointing out, in a humorous way, that the wedding had been the place to be: Those who did and those who did not attend the wedding of Gen. Tom Thumb and Queen Lavinia Warren composed the population of the Metropolis yesterday, and thenceforth religious and civil parties sink into comparative insignificance before this one arbitrating query of fate: Did you or did you not see Tom Thumb married? While it may seem absurd, the wedding was a very welcome diversion from news of the Civil War, which was going quite badly for the Union at that point. Harper’s Weekly featured an engraving of the married couple on its cover. President Lincolns Guest On their honeymoon trip, General Tom Thumb and Lavinia were guests of President Abraham Lincoln at the White House. And their performing career continued to great acclaim. In the late 1860s, the couple embarked on a three-year world tour that even included appearances in Australia. A genuine worldwide phenomenon, General Tom Thumb was wealthy and lived in a luxurious house in New York City. In a few of the couples performances, they held a baby said to have been their own child. Some scholars believe that Barnum simply rented a child from local foundling homes. Strattons obituary in The New York Times reported that they did have a child of normal size born in 1869, but that he or she died in 1871. Death The Strattons continued to perform until the 1880s, when they retired to Middleboro, Massachusetts where they had had a mansion built with custom-made small furniture. It was there, on July 15, 1883, that Charles Stratton, who had fascinated society as General Tom Thumb, died suddenly of a stroke at the age of 45. His wife, who remarried 10 years later, lived until 1919. It is suspected that both Stratton and his wife both had growth hormone deficiency (GHD), a condition related to the pituitary gland, but no medical diagnosis or treatment was possible during their lifetimes. Sources Hartzman, Marc. Tom Thumb. American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of Historys Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers, p 89–92. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2006.  Hawkins, Kathleen. The real Tom Thumb and the birth of celebrity. Ouch Blog, BBC News, November 25, 2014. Web.Lehman, Eric D. Becoming Tom Thumb: Charles Stratton, P.T. Barnum, and the Dawn of American Celebrity. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2013.  Obituary for Tom Thumb. The New York Times, July 16, 1883.

Sources of Demo Data Free Essays

string(66) " sparse population needs for growing crops† \(Boserup, 1990, p\." The issue of population and development has increasingly evolved into the ‘population, environment, and development nexus. In the face of this mandate for research on population and environment dynamics, different theoretical frameworks are brought on board. Ester Boserup was one of the scholars who have contributed to these theoretical frameworks hence this essay will attempt to expound Ester her theory of population growth and demonstrate how applicable the theory is to Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of Demo Data or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later on, the weaknesses of the theory will be brought in with reference to the African context. Lastly a conclusion will summarize the whole essay. A theory is defined as a set of facts, propositions, or principles analyzed in their relation to one another to explain phenomena. (Chambers dictionary, 2005) Population growth is defined as the total number of people who inhabit an area, region, or country, or the number of people in a particular group who inhabit an area. Ester Boserup (May 18, 910 – September 24, 1999) was a Danish economist, writer. She studied economical and agricultural development, worked at the United Nations as well as other international organizations, and she wrote several books. Her most notable book is The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. (Aldine, 1965) This book presents a â€Å"dynamic analysis embracing all types of primitive agriculture. The work undoes the assumption dating back to Malthus’s time (and still held in many quarters) that agricultural methods determine population (via food supply). Instead, Boserup argued that population determines agricultural methods. A major point of her book is that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention†. It was her great belief that humanity would always find a way and was quoted in saying â€Å"The power of ingenuity would always outmatch that of demand† in a letter to Northern Irish philosopher T S Hueston. She also influenced debate on the role of women in workforce and human development, and the possibility of better opportunities of work and education for women. (Jain, 2005) According to Malthusian theory, the size and growth of the population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods. In Boserup’s theory agricultural methods depend on the size of the population. In the Malthusian view, in times when food is not sufficient for everyone, the excess population will die. However, Boserup argued that in those times of pressure, people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers, (Jain, 2005) Bosarupian theory focuses on the relationship between population, environment, and technology. Her concept of ‘population,’ encompasses population density as well as absolute size and growth. Her concept of environment refers mainly to land resources and related factors such as climate and soil quality. Since her focus is historical civilizations or developing countries, ‘technology’ for Boserup refers mainly to the tools and inputs used in agriculture, the primary productive activity in these societies. In arraying relationships between population, environment, and technology, Boserup proposes that it is generally agreed that successive change in technology has an important influence on the population size. The opposite side of the interrelationship, the influence of population size on technology, has attracted less attention (Boserup, 1981, p. ). In response, Boserup focus her attention on exploring the role of population as an independent variable that influences both the development of agricultural technology which, in turn, shape the productive capacity of resources. Boserup argues that in the short-term a period of sustained population growth would lower output per man hour. This occurs more intensive methods mean more hours of work on the part of the agriculture laborer. The ratio of output to labour cost, thus, deteriorates in the short run. In the long run, however, workers would become more efficient at the tasks required by the new intensive regime. More importantly, the growing population would stimulate more efficient production by allowing division of labor. Therefore, a growing population or increased population density leads ultimately to long run increase in output that outweigh short run declines (Boserup, 1965, p. 39-42). Boserup also states that for small populations with low density it is not worthwhile switching to more intensive regimes that require more labor inputs and that entail short-term productivity losses. She asserts that density must increase to a certain level before it is worthwhile accepting short term declines in labor output and the â€Å"hard toil of intensive agriculture† (Boserup, 1965, p. 51). Once higher densities occur, however, it becomes imperative for the population to undertake the increase labor investment of more intensive systems for the sake of the long term advantage of increased output. Boserup asserts that reliance on food imports to meet the gap between the growing populations food needs and production has undercut the ressure for domestic intensification of agriculture. By offering food aid and subsidized and concessionary food imports, the developed world has made it more attractive for many sub-Saharan African countries to import food rather than increase domestic production. She asserts that food imports also play a role in the continued lack of investment in rural areas. Dependence on food production lessens the need for investment in the domestic f ood production. This allows all resources to flow into the production of crops for export or urban industrial sector. This type of flow correspond with the major development models of export-led growth promoted by international organizations, such as world bank, in sub-Saharan Africa (Boserup, 1981, p. 202) The theory has been instrumental in understanding agricultural patterns in developing countries, although it is highly simplified and generalized. The theory can be applied in Africa in the following ways; Boserup sees sub-Saharan Africa as historically a sparsely populated continent relative to other regions. As a result, subsistence agriculture and low-technology predominate in the region. Boserup states that â€Å"because past rates of population growth were much lower in Africa than in other parts of the world, extensive land-using subsistence systems, that is, long-fallow agriculture continue to be much more prevalent than elsewhere. In large parts of Africa, there is more land than the sparse population needs for growing crops† (Boserup, 1990, p. You read "Sources of Demo Data" in category "Papers" 258). Boserup’s theory can also be demonstrated in the Case study of Mauritius. Mauritius is an island country of 1860  km2 in area, located off the east coast of Africa. Farming and fishing are its main ventures, with agriculture accounting for 4. 6% of its GDP. This is comprehensible since it has fertile soils and a tropical climate. Its exports are divided into four main categories: sugar (32%), garments (31%), plastics (32%) and others (5%). (Jain, 2005) Its population in 1992 was 1,094,000 people. For 2025, the estimated population is 1,365,000. This would mean a growth rate of 1. 45%, with a doubling time of 47 years. Its fertility rate was of 2. 17 children per woman. Jain, 2005) It is possible to notice how uneven population growth has been in Mauritius. At first it was a maintained at a more or less constant level, because there were almost equal values of birth and death rates. Around the 1950s, the birth rate increased significantly (from 35 per thousand to more than 45 per thousand). The death rate declined from 30 to 15 per thousand shortly afterwards. (Jain, 2005) The rate of natural increase was very great, and there was a great pressur e on the country for resources because of this increasing population. It was then that the government had to intervene. It promoted family planning, restricted early marriage, provided improved health care and looked to improve the status of women. The government also worked on diversifying agriculture, invested in industry and improved trading links. With time, there were changes in general attitude toward family size and people were getting married later. As well, there was an improvement in educational and work opportunities for women (in 1975 employment of women was 22. 3%, by 1990 it had increased to 35. 5%). Many transnational companies came to Mauritius because of tax incentives, the Freeport at Port Luis, the large number of educated residents, a considerable amount of cheap labour and the good transport. This would assert to us Boserup’s theory that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention. † Because the population had risen, the government had to take measures to adapt to this growth. It had to improve and diversify agricultur e, so proving agricultural intensification and that â€Å"population growth cause’s agricultural growth. (This idea is presented in The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure; 1965. ) It also suggests that a country must improve its technology to be able to support the growing population, and that many technologies will not be taken advantage of if the population is not large enough. Mauritius had to build a Freeport and improve transportation to be able to maintain its population. (Jain, 2005) Chitemene system in Zambia is also one example of how Buserup’s theory is applicable to Africa. Chitemene system is a method of farming practiced in the Northern Province of Zambia in which fields are cleared by cutting down trees in order to make the soil fertile. This system was introduced as a result of population increase in Northern Province of Zambia. As population density increased, there was need for more food production, this led discovery of an agriculture system which could make land more fertile hence increasing food production for the growing population. Despite Boserup’s theory being considered as the optimum population theory it as some weaknesses in the African context. Some of these weaknesses are explained in this part of the text. Boserup did not put the law of diminishing returns into consideration when formulating her theory. Increasing labor at a fixed potion of land (increasing population density) would lead to an extent where each addition unit of labor would be adding less to output than what the previous unit added, this would reach a point where output starts decreasing. Most African countries have limited technology and hence increasing population density would lead to diminishing returns in agriculture. (Obadan. 004. P. 99) Another weakness in Boserup’s theory is lack of consideration of ecological factors that arise as a result of increase in population density which affect agriculture negatively. For example in Africa, Nigeria in particular, agriculture contributed more than 75 percent of export earnings before 1970. Since then, due to population growth, however, agriculture has stagnated, mostly due to ecological factors such as drought, disease, and reduction in soil fertility. By the mid-1990s, agriculture’s share of exports had declined to less than 5 percent. Once an exporter of food to nearby countries, Nigeria now must import food to meet domestic demand (keet, 1994: p. 55). It is clear that certain types of fragile environments cannot support excessive numbers of people in Africa for example the Barotse flood plains in Zambia. In such cases, population pressure may not lead to technological innovations as Boserup suggested. Boserup’s theory does not adequately account for lack of the impact of subsidization of agriculture production by developed countries on African. Subsidization of agricultural products by developed countries leads to African agriculture products fetching low prices at the international market which in turn discourages farming in Africa despite an increase in population density. Fontanel and Touatam (2004, p. 31) gave an example of trade in cotton. Without financial subsides from the government, the price of cotton production in the United States would be three times higher than the cotton production in most sub-Saharan Africa. Because of subsides to cotton producers in the United States and European union in 2001/2002, Africa had lost in that period US $920 million (Miroudot, 2004: 47). Boserup’s theory does not also account for the comflicts in some African states which hinder agricultural activities such as farming hence making them depend on foreign aid rather than domestically produced products. Ayttey (1998, p. 193) writes that in 1996, more than 20 million of Africans were refugees. These people, who have lost their homes, jobs, and possessions, should be the ones to go to school, grow food, or work in factories and government and business administration. This has greatly contributed to the low food output levels in these countries. Boserup’s idea is based upon field studies in south east Asia and she developed her idea based on the number of assumptions, her ideas are not much applicable in Africa which the population is sparse since her field work was conducted in places with very high population densities like india. In conclusion, Boserup’s population theory may not alone fully explain the relationship between population growth, environment and technology but most importantly it has offered a complementary perspective to other theories. The theory has offered applicable solutions on the relationship between population growth and resources especially in Africa. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayittey, G. 1998. Africa In Chaos, St. Martin’s press. New York Boserup, E. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Allen and Unwin, London. Boserup, E. 1981. Population and Technological Change. Chicago press, Chicago. Boserup, E. 1990. Economic and Demographic Relationships in Development. The John Hopkins University press. London. Ehrlich, P. 1968. The Population Bomb: Ballantine. New York. Fontanel, J. and Touatam, A. 2004. The Rift. African Geopolitics. No. 13. Paris. OR. IMA INTERNATIONAL. Pp. 29-42. Keet, D. 1994. Systematic Destruction – IMF/World Bank Social Engineering in Africa. Track Two. The centre for intergroup studies. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 10-11. Obadan, M. 2004. The External Debt Crisis: Strategies and policies. In African Development and Governance strategies in the 21st century. London . Zed Books. Pp. 140-164. Simon, J. 1981. The Ultimate Resource: Princeton university press. New Jersey. Aldine. (1965, 08 03). Women, Development and the UN. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from wikipedia: http://www. wikipedia. com Jain, D. (2005, 03 16). ester buserup. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from enotes. com: http://www. enotes. com How to cite Sources of Demo Data, Papers Sources of Demo Data Free Essays string(66) " sparse population needs for growing crops† \(Boserup, 1990, p\." The issue of population and development has increasingly evolved into the ‘population, environment, and development nexus. In the face of this mandate for research on population and environment dynamics, different theoretical frameworks are brought on board. Ester Boserup was one of the scholars who have contributed to these theoretical frameworks hence this essay will attempt to expound Ester her theory of population growth and demonstrate how applicable the theory is to Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of Demo Data or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later on, the weaknesses of the theory will be brought in with reference to the African context. Lastly a conclusion will summarize the whole essay. A theory is defined as a set of facts, propositions, or principles analyzed in their relation to one another to explain phenomena. (Chambers dictionary, 2005) Population growth is defined as the total number of people who inhabit an area, region, or country, or the number of people in a particular group who inhabit an area. Ester Boserup (May 18, 910 – September 24, 1999) was a Danish economist, writer. She studied economical and agricultural development, worked at the United Nations as well as other international organizations, and she wrote several books. Her most notable book is The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. (Aldine, 1965) This book presents a â€Å"dynamic analysis embracing all types of primitive agriculture. The work undoes the assumption dating back to Malthus’s time (and still held in many quarters) that agricultural methods determine population (via food supply). Instead, Boserup argued that population determines agricultural methods. A major point of her book is that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention†. It was her great belief that humanity would always find a way and was quoted in saying â€Å"The power of ingenuity would always outmatch that of demand† in a letter to Northern Irish philosopher T S Hueston. She also influenced debate on the role of women in workforce and human development, and the possibility of better opportunities of work and education for women. (Jain, 2005) According to Malthusian theory, the size and growth of the population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods. In Boserup’s theory agricultural methods depend on the size of the population. In the Malthusian view, in times when food is not sufficient for everyone, the excess population will die. However, Boserup argued that in those times of pressure, people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers, (Jain, 2005) Bosarupian theory focuses on the relationship between population, environment, and technology. Her concept of ‘population,’ encompasses population density as well as absolute size and growth. Her concept of environment refers mainly to land resources and related factors such as climate and soil quality. Since her focus is historical civilizations or developing countries, ‘technology’ for Boserup refers mainly to the tools and inputs used in agriculture, the primary productive activity in these societies. In arraying relationships between population, environment, and technology, Boserup proposes that it is generally agreed that successive change in technology has an important influence on the population size. The opposite side of the interrelationship, the influence of population size on technology, has attracted less attention (Boserup, 1981, p. ). In response, Boserup focus her attention on exploring the role of population as an independent variable that influences both the development of agricultural technology which, in turn, shape the productive capacity of resources. Boserup argues that in the short-term a period of sustained population growth would lower output per man hour. This occurs more intensive methods mean more hours of work on the part of the agriculture laborer. The ratio of output to labour cost, thus, deteriorates in the short run. In the long run, however, workers would become more efficient at the tasks required by the new intensive regime. More importantly, the growing population would stimulate more efficient production by allowing division of labor. Therefore, a growing population or increased population density leads ultimately to long run increase in output that outweigh short run declines (Boserup, 1965, p. 39-42). Boserup also states that for small populations with low density it is not worthwhile switching to more intensive regimes that require more labor inputs and that entail short-term productivity losses. She asserts that density must increase to a certain level before it is worthwhile accepting short term declines in labor output and the â€Å"hard toil of intensive agriculture† (Boserup, 1965, p. 51). Once higher densities occur, however, it becomes imperative for the population to undertake the increase labor investment of more intensive systems for the sake of the long term advantage of increased output. Boserup asserts that reliance on food imports to meet the gap between the growing populations food needs and production has undercut the ressure for domestic intensification of agriculture. By offering food aid and subsidized and concessionary food imports, the developed world has made it more attractive for many sub-Saharan African countries to import food rather than increase domestic production. She asserts that food imports also play a role in the continued lack of investment in rural areas. Dependence on food production lessens the need for investment in the domestic f ood production. This allows all resources to flow into the production of crops for export or urban industrial sector. This type of flow correspond with the major development models of export-led growth promoted by international organizations, such as world bank, in sub-Saharan Africa (Boserup, 1981, p. 202) The theory has been instrumental in understanding agricultural patterns in developing countries, although it is highly simplified and generalized. The theory can be applied in Africa in the following ways; Boserup sees sub-Saharan Africa as historically a sparsely populated continent relative to other regions. As a result, subsistence agriculture and low-technology predominate in the region. Boserup states that â€Å"because past rates of population growth were much lower in Africa than in other parts of the world, extensive land-using subsistence systems, that is, long-fallow agriculture continue to be much more prevalent than elsewhere. In large parts of Africa, there is more land than the sparse population needs for growing crops† (Boserup, 1990, p. You read "Sources of Demo Data" in category "Essay examples" 258). Boserup’s theory can also be demonstrated in the Case study of Mauritius. Mauritius is an island country of 1860  km2 in area, located off the east coast of Africa. Farming and fishing are its main ventures, with agriculture accounting for 4. 6% of its GDP. This is comprehensible since it has fertile soils and a tropical climate. Its exports are divided into four main categories: sugar (32%), garments (31%), plastics (32%) and others (5%). (Jain, 2005) Its population in 1992 was 1,094,000 people. For 2025, the estimated population is 1,365,000. This would mean a growth rate of 1. 45%, with a doubling time of 47 years. Its fertility rate was of 2. 17 children per woman. Jain, 2005) It is possible to notice how uneven population growth has been in Mauritius. At first it was a maintained at a more or less constant level, because there were almost equal values of birth and death rates. Around the 1950s, the birth rate increased significantly (from 35 per thousand to more than 45 per thousand). The death rate declined from 30 to 15 per thousand shortly afterwards. (Jain, 2005) The rate of natural increase was very great, and there was a great pressur e on the country for resources because of this increasing population. It was then that the government had to intervene. It promoted family planning, restricted early marriage, provided improved health care and looked to improve the status of women. The government also worked on diversifying agriculture, invested in industry and improved trading links. With time, there were changes in general attitude toward family size and people were getting married later. As well, there was an improvement in educational and work opportunities for women (in 1975 employment of women was 22. 3%, by 1990 it had increased to 35. 5%). Many transnational companies came to Mauritius because of tax incentives, the Freeport at Port Luis, the large number of educated residents, a considerable amount of cheap labour and the good transport. This would assert to us Boserup’s theory that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention. † Because the population had risen, the government had to take measures to adapt to this growth. It had to improve and diversify agricultur e, so proving agricultural intensification and that â€Å"population growth cause’s agricultural growth. (This idea is presented in The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure; 1965. ) It also suggests that a country must improve its technology to be able to support the growing population, and that many technologies will not be taken advantage of if the population is not large enough. Mauritius had to build a Freeport and improve transportation to be able to maintain its population. (Jain, 2005) Chitemene system in Zambia is also one example of how Buserup’s theory is applicable to Africa. Chitemene system is a method of farming practiced in the Northern Province of Zambia in which fields are cleared by cutting down trees in order to make the soil fertile. This system was introduced as a result of population increase in Northern Province of Zambia. As population density increased, there was need for more food production, this led discovery of an agriculture system which could make land more fertile hence increasing food production for the growing population. Despite Boserup’s theory being considered as the optimum population theory it as some weaknesses in the African context. Some of these weaknesses are explained in this part of the text. Boserup did not put the law of diminishing returns into consideration when formulating her theory. Increasing labor at a fixed potion of land (increasing population density) would lead to an extent where each addition unit of labor would be adding less to output than what the previous unit added, this would reach a point where output starts decreasing. Most African countries have limited technology and hence increasing population density would lead to diminishing returns in agriculture. (Obadan. 004. P. 99) Another weakness in Boserup’s theory is lack of consideration of ecological factors that arise as a result of increase in population density which affect agriculture negatively. For example in Africa, Nigeria in particular, agriculture contributed more than 75 percent of export earnings before 1970. Since then, due to population growth, however, agriculture has stagnated, mostly due to ecological factors such as drought, disease, and reduction in soil fertility. By the mid-1990s, agriculture’s share of exports had declined to less than 5 percent. Once an exporter of food to nearby countries, Nigeria now must import food to meet domestic demand (keet, 1994: p. 55). It is clear that certain types of fragile environments cannot support excessive numbers of people in Africa for example the Barotse flood plains in Zambia. In such cases, population pressure may not lead to technological innovations as Boserup suggested. Boserup’s theory does not adequately account for lack of the impact of subsidization of agriculture production by developed countries on African. Subsidization of agricultural products by developed countries leads to African agriculture products fetching low prices at the international market which in turn discourages farming in Africa despite an increase in population density. Fontanel and Touatam (2004, p. 31) gave an example of trade in cotton. Without financial subsides from the government, the price of cotton production in the United States would be three times higher than the cotton production in most sub-Saharan Africa. Because of subsides to cotton producers in the United States and European union in 2001/2002, Africa had lost in that period US $920 million (Miroudot, 2004: 47). Boserup’s theory does not also account for the comflicts in some African states which hinder agricultural activities such as farming hence making them depend on foreign aid rather than domestically produced products. Ayttey (1998, p. 193) writes that in 1996, more than 20 million of Africans were refugees. These people, who have lost their homes, jobs, and possessions, should be the ones to go to school, grow food, or work in factories and government and business administration. This has greatly contributed to the low food output levels in these countries. Boserup’s idea is based upon field studies in south east Asia and she developed her idea based on the number of assumptions, her ideas are not much applicable in Africa which the population is sparse since her field work was conducted in places with very high population densities like india. In conclusion, Boserup’s population theory may not alone fully explain the relationship between population growth, environment and technology but most importantly it has offered a complementary perspective to other theories. The theory has offered applicable solutions on the relationship between population growth and resources especially in Africa. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayittey, G. 1998. Africa In Chaos, St. Martin’s press. New York Boserup, E. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Allen and Unwin, London. Boserup, E. 1981. Population and Technological Change. Chicago press, Chicago. Boserup, E. 1990. Economic and Demographic Relationships in Development. The John Hopkins University press. London. Ehrlich, P. 1968. The Population Bomb: Ballantine. New York. Fontanel, J. and Touatam, A. 2004. The Rift. African Geopolitics. No. 13. Paris. OR. IMA INTERNATIONAL. Pp. 29-42. Keet, D. 1994. Systematic Destruction – IMF/World Bank Social Engineering in Africa. Track Two. The centre for intergroup studies. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 10-11. Obadan, M. 2004. The External Debt Crisis: Strategies and policies. In African Development and Governance strategies in the 21st century. London . Zed Books. Pp. 140-164. Simon, J. 1981. The Ultimate Resource: Princeton university press. New Jersey. Aldine. (1965, 08 03). Women, Development and the UN. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from wikipedia: http://www. wikipedia. com Jain, D. (2005, 03 16). ester buserup. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from enotes. com: http://www. enotes. com How to cite Sources of Demo Data, Essay examples

Personal Income Inequality and Aggregate Demand

Questions: 1. Explain why real GDP might be an unreliable indicator of the standard of living. 2. Why does unemployment arise and what makes some unemployment unavoidable? 3. Consider the following statement: When the average level of prices of goods and services rises, inflation rises? Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 4. What is the aggregate demand (AD) curve and why does it slope downwards? Explain. 5. What is the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve and why is it vertical? Why does the short run aggregate supply curve slope upwards? Answers: 1. Gross Domestic Product is defined as the monetary value of all completed commodities as well as services that are produced within the border of a country. GDP is considered as a wide dimension of the overall economic activity of a nation. It is calculated by making the use of the following formula: GDP = C + I + G + NX Real GDP on the other hand, is not considered as a reliable indicator of the standard of living. This is mostly because, it does not include production activities of a homemaker as well as other household production activities. It also deserts the background of the economy as well as the health and life expectancy of individuals. The destruction that are caused by ecology are also not considered as a part of real GDP. Real GDP, for example, takes into account the overall market value of all goods as well as services that are manufactured in Australia after the deduction of cost of goods and services (Egerer, Langmantel and Zimmer 2016). 2. Unemployment is described as a circumstance where an individual of working age is not able to find a job however; would desire to be full time employment. The persistent measurement of unemployment is the rate of unemployment. In Australia, for example, in the year 2016 the seasonally accustomed rate of unemployment increased to 5.7 percent. As per the reports, the percentage was to some extent above the consensus of the market. Unemployment mostly takes place due to regulation of the government as well as augmented competition between businesses. Due to immobility in occupation, the discrepancy of skills in the labor market leads to unemployment that in turn leads to difficulties in learning innovative skills (Weiss 2014). The diagram shows that real wage unemployment takes place in a competitive market where Q2 illustrates the supply of labor that is more than W2. The diagram also shows that the demand for labor Q is less as compared to the supply for labor. The people to enter the labor force in order to search for a job at a certain point mostly makes unemployment unavoidable. On the other hand, it becomes unavoidable as some people does not search for job any longer once they are not able to find any. Similarly, this leads to depression among individuals that also makes unemployment unavoidable (Gregg et al. 2014). 3. The measurement that examines the weighted average prices of a basket of commodities and services of individuals are termed as consumer price index. The CPI is considered as a statistical estimate that is constructed by making the use of a sample representative objects whose prices are combined periodically. The level of price is the dimension of current prices of goods that are manufactured in an economy within a precise period of time. However, inflation is described as the rate at which the wide-ranging level of price for goods and services is augmented. On the other hand, the purchasing power of currency reduces (Einav and Levin 2014). The increase in the average level of prices of commodities and services leads to increase in inflation. This takes place due to the fact that the cost of living depends on the average level of prices for both commodities as well as services. In this case, the major inflationary trigger is indicated by rise in economic movement. As a result, it can be concluded that inflation mostly takes place due to augment in average prices for goods and services. The economic dimension of the sum of all accomplished commodities and services that are manufactured in the economy are termed as aggregate demand. It is mostly expressed as the overall amount of money that is exchanged for those commodities and services. The relationship between two factors that includes the quantity of demanded output and aggregate level of price is illustrated with the help of the aggregate demand curve. The curve mostly illustrates the total quantity of all goods that is demanded by the economy at varied level of prices. The consumer price index (CPI) mostly measures the aggregate price level (Carvalho and Rezai 2016). 4. The aggregate demand curve slopes downwards due to Pigou's wealth effect. It describes the incentive of output and employment that are caused by rising consumption because of increase in real balances of wealth. The second reason that leads to downward sloping aggregate demand curve is Keynes's interest-rate effect. According to Keynes, the rate of interest affect expenditures more than it affects savings. With the decrease in price, a specified amount of money will rise in value. The third and the final reason is the exchange-rate effect of Mundell-Fleming. It demonstrates the short-run relationship between the nominal exchange rate, rate of interest and output of an economy (Benhabib, Wang and Wen 2015). The aggregate demand curve is demonstrated under the assumption that the government holds the supply of money is constant. The diagram shows that the level of price of all final goods and services are indicated by the vertical axis. 5. Aggregate supply is defined as the total supply of commodities and services that are companies are willing to sell at a given level of price. In the long run, capital and technology affects the aggregate supply curve. The long run aggregate supply curve is stagnant as it shifts the slowest of the three varieties of the aggregate supply curve. The vertical aggregate supply curve demonstrates the theory of the economists that states that aggregate supply curve changes due to short-term change in total output of an economy. An increase in population, for example leads to shift in the long run aggregate supply curve (Erosa, Fusterz and Kambourov 2016). On the other hand, the rise in price leads to increase in short-run aggregate supply curve. The fall in wages as well as increase in physical capital leads to short-run aggregate supply curve. References Benhabib, J., Wang, P. and Wen, Y., 2015. Sentiments and aggregate demand fluctuations.Econometrica,83(2), pp.549-585. Carvalho, L. and Rezai, A., 2016. Personal income inequality and aggregate demand.Cambridge Journal of Economics,40(2), pp.491-505. Egerer, M., Langmantel, E. and Zimmer, M., 2016. Gross Domestic Product. InRegional Assessment of Global Change Impacts(pp. 147-152). Springer International Publishing. Einav, L. and Levin, J., 2014. Economics in the age of big data.Science,346(6210), p.1243089. Erosa, A., Fusterz, L. and Kambourov, G., 2016. Towards a micro-founded theory of aggregate labor supply.The Review of Economic Studies, p.rdw010. Gregg, P., Machin, S. and Fernndez?Salgado, M., 2014. Real wages and unemployment in the big squeeze.The Economic Journal,124(576), pp.408-432. Weiss, A., 2014.Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.

The Play Julius Caesar Is An Eclectic Mix Of Wise And Ignorant, Cunnin

The play Julius Caesar is an eclectic mix of wise and ignorant, cunning and na?ve, heroes and cowards. The pageantry set forth in the play exemplifies the formality of everyday Roman life and the gravity of the official duties. Each main character in Julius Caesar has a positive quality that embraces the reader and a negative quality that leads to their tragic downfall. Although the characters possess more than two qualities, their strongest, most aggressive points shine through. At the end of the play two characters are forced to penetrate each other's minds and evaluate the good and evil. One is a domineering, egotistical, selfish conspirator. He lacks the power and appraisal that his enemy, Julius Caesar has, and, therefore, uses his envy and jealousy as a drive to convert others to challenge Caesar. His opposing force is a reserved, mediocre man who's only love his the country he stands upon. The powerhouse of confidence versus the dollhouse of reservation ends in an explosion of destruction. Marcus Brutus is the most admirable character in Julius Caesar. He is the only person involved in the conspiracy against Caesar for his country. He truly believes that Caesar's ambition will ruin the fortitude of his beloved Rome. Brutus uses his hidden inner strength to survive the brutality of the conspiracy and the harsh reality of the aftermath. In the beginning of the play, Brutus appears as a quiet lamb. He follows the herd, lives by example, and keeps his thoughts and opinions disclosed from the public masses. Although he is reserved, his undying desire for a better Rome shines through like light flowing from a stained-glass window. When Cassius first confronts Brutus to become a member of the conspiracy, his lacking confidence is evident. Brutus says, "Into what dangers would you lead me, Cassius, / that you would have me seek into myself/ for that which is not in me?" (1.2.45-47). However, his self-assurance grows as the play continues and by the end he stands up for his beliefs and backs them with power. Brutus is admirable for his love and devotion to Rome. He was born Roman and died Roman. His affection for justice and honor is one of the most evident characteristics about him. The opposite of Marcus Brutus is Gaius Cassius. He is a strong-willed, cunning, jealous villain who only wants Julius Caesar dead for his own, selfish reasons. He sees Caesar as an ambitious man who is after more power and control. What Cassius forgets to do is to evaluate his own image and realize his race for personal betterment. Throughout the play, Cassius, like a cat, uses his mind controlling skills to climb his way to the top, not caring whom he pounces on in the end. He converts Brutus to his mere puppet. Cassius dreams of the thoughts and actions and has Brutus carry the negative plans out. Cassius is the most villainous character because he is actually a coward. He is too afraid to go for his goals himself, to work hard and achieve the right to be a leader. Instead, he underhandedly commits other Romans to kill an adored leader for his own selfish merit and his proclaimed "justice." Cassius is even afraid to overcome a challenge with Brutus. Even during a devilish argument in act IV, Cassius gives in to Brutus' desires (4.228-30). He is too afraid of losing his workman and too much of a coward to become the leader. Brutus and Cassius are two opposite characters. Brutus is a compassionate, reserved, humane individual. He knows his goals and desires and goes after them quietly and respectively. He does everything for the good of Rome, even when it comes to sacrificing his life. Cassius, however, is a vile, envious coward, whose mind is like a tempest, longing to thrust danger upon those more powerful than he. Although both die gruesome deaths, Brutus dies an honorable, patriotic soul and Cassius dies a disgraceful, mischievous man. Bibliography N/A